Warm Up What characteristics does an organism need to have to be considered living?

Cells and Tissues – Part 1 Chapter 3 (pg 65-88) Cells and Tissues – Part 1

Objective Checklist Review major components of the cell and cell processes Membrane structure/transport Cell division Protein expression Cellular respiration

Cellular Structure Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures Cells are organized into three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane Structure Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

Plasma Membrane Specializations Microvilli (absorption) Membrane junctions Tight junctions (impermeable) Desmosomes (anchor) Gap junctions (communication) TIGHT JUNCTIONS – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DESOSOMES – SKIN GAP JUNCTIONS - HEART

Membrane Transport Passive Transport (No energy required) Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion IMPORTANT FOR YOUR CELLS ABOSPTION OF WATER AND GLUCOSE

Membrane Transport Osmosis * [ ] = concentration * There is an inverse relationship between the [ ] of solute and the amount of water present Water will always move from high to low [ ] Descriptions that are used are always relative—to the other side of the membrane * [ ] = concentration *

Membrane Transport Osmosis * [ ] = concentration * Hypotonic – A solution with lower [ ] of solutes Hypertonic – A solution with higher [ ] of solutes Isotonic – Equal [ ] of solutes on either side of the membrane * [ ] = concentration * IMPORTANT FOR IV FLUIDS

Membrane Transport Active transport (energy required) Solute pumping (sodium-potassium pump) Bulk transport (endo/exocytosis) IMPORTANT FOR RECOVERY FROM NERVE IMPULSE AND BULK TRANSPORT WHEN PHAGOCYTES ENGULF PATHOGENS

PHAGOCYTE ENGULFING AND DESTORYING PATHOGEN

Intro to Cell Division Two major phases… Interphase – cell growth and carries out metabolic processes Cell division – cell replicates itself to produce more cells for growth/repair CELL DIVISION IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHEN WE DISCUSS TISSUE REGERNATION – SOME TISSUES (CARDIAC MUSCLE, NERVE, AND SKELETAL MUSCLE) ARE LARGELY AMITOTIC AFTER THEY MATURE ALSO IMPORTANT WHEN WE DISCUSS HOW THE CELL CYCLE CAN B/M OUT OF CONTROL = CANCER

Steps of Cell Division

Steps of Cell Division

Intro to Protein Synthesis Proteins are important! They are major building materials for cells and enzymes are required for chemical reactions Your genes are blueprints for building proteins Information flows in one direction… DNA  RNA  protein PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS IMPORTATN WHEN WE DISCUSS DISORDERS THAT RESULT FROM AN ABNORMAL PROTEIN THAT IS PRODUCED (AS A RESULT OF GENETIC MUTATION). ALSO – MUSCLE CELLS HAVE TWO NUCLEI WHICH IS HELPFUL FOR THEM SINCE THEY NEED TO PRODUCE MORE PROTEIN THAN OTHER CELLS IN THE BODY transcription translation

Protein Synthesis (Role of RNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

Protein Synthesis (in detail) Transcription Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA Translation Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Intro to Cellular Respiration The process of converting simple sugars to ATP that can be used for energy RESPIRATION FORMULA IMPORTANT WHEN WE GET TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND DISCUSS WHY WE ARE LOADING OXYGEN AND UNLOADING CARBON DIOXIDE…POSSIBLY DISCUSS THE BUFFER SYSTEM TOO HERE

Cellular Respiration DISCUSS WHERE THESE OCCUR IN THE CELL AND WHICH STEPS NEED OXYGEN

Cellular Physiology Fermentation Use when you are oxygen deficient Less efficient than aerobic respiration by-product is lactic acid that results a burning sensation LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION TAKES PLACE WHEN WE DON’T GET ENOUGH OXYGEN TO OUR MUSCLE CELLS – CAUSES THE BURN AND SOARNESS

Objective Checklist Review major components of the cell and cell processes Membrane structure/transport Cell division Protein expression Cellular respiration