Ocean Chemistry and Physics Unit 5 Review Ocean Chemistry and Physics

Knowing the Properties of Water Role of covalent bonds Role of hydrogen bonds Elemental composition Angle in molecular structure Polarity Property of cohesion Property of adhesion Property of solvency What accounts for water sticking to the sides of a glass? What accounts for water sticking to itself? Water is called the ______ ______ because of its ability to dissolve almost anything.

Seawater What percentage of the earth’s surface water is marine? How much salt is there on Earth? What percentage of seawater is water and what percentage is salts? Why does NaCl dissolve so readily in water? What is meant by a trace element? Is it true that most the elements found in the atmosphere and crust are also found in the ocean? Where do the salts in the ocean come from? How does the ocean maintain equilibrium? What is the average temperature of the ocean? What is more dense, ice or seawater? What is the average salinity of the ocean?

Important Relationships… It is a very GOOD idea to make certain you understand the density/salinity lab we did in class as well as the underwater technology questions that we answered as well as the instruments used to measure these different chemical and physical components of the ocean. Make sure you are aware of the chemical and physical relationships that occur in the ocean between…. Temperature Salinity Density Pressure Osmotic Pressure Sound Light pH

Lab – Density and Salinity Click on the link below to see a different version of the lab we did in class. Density and Salinity LAB Why does the green layer float? Where does the ball stay after the final step? Why? Name each layer and the ball, Surface, Pycnocline, and Deep Zone.

LAB – Temperature, Salinity & Density Click on the link below to see a demonstration of how temperature and density in the ocean are related. Answer the questions after. Temperature, Salinity and Density LAB What is the relationship between temperature and density? Why does the red float? What did you learn about temperature vs. salinity when it comes to density distribution?

Density Distribution What are three general layers in the ocean? What are the two different layers that make up the middle layer? What is significant about each of those the two layers? Why is this a good place for submarines to hide?

Dissolved Gases & pH What are the three dissolved gases we spoke about in your interactive power point chemistry lecture and their quantities? When it comes to underwater technology, what is the difference between compressed air and a compressed gas mixture? What is saturation diving? What is generally the pH of seawater? How does the ocean prevent large swings in pH?

More Density and Temperature… View the video at the link below. Then, answer the questions. Salt vs. Fresh and Hot vs. Cold LAB Is it easier for ship to travel in water with low or high salinity? Why? Is it easier for a ship to travel in cold or warm water? Why do you think so?

Thermostatic Properties What is thermal inertia? Why are the poles so much colder than the equator? Why are there currents? What accounts for 1/3 of poleward heat? And for 2/3?

Light in the Ocean What color light is absorbed and which colors are refracted and reflected? What happens to red after 33 ft? What do oceanographers use light to measure in the ocean? Which instrument(s)? Does refraction increase or decrease with salinity?

Sound in the Ocean Does sound travel faster or slower in the ocean? At what depth is there a sound channel? Where and under what conditions does sound travel the fastest? Again… why do submarines hide in the pycnocline and more specifically, the thermocline layer? What is the area created called? How is sound technology used to collect data about the ocean?

Instruments… Hydrometer ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water Calorimeter measures heat capacity pH meter/probe Measures pH Osmometer measures osmotic pressure Nansen bottle salinity measured at different depths bottle is sent down upside down on a string, flipped open at a desired depth, and a sample of water is taken Salinometer electronic electricity conductor Refractometer measures salinity by the degree the light is bent