The Restoration and the 18th Century

Historical Context The Reign of Charles II – the beginning of the Restoration Sophistication & splendor brought from France. A patron of the arts and sciences. Had to share power with Parliament. Political parties were born: Whigs = anti- royal authority, Tories = pro.

Royalty and the People William & Mary brought peace, a.k.a. the Glorious Revolution, when they took the throne. English Bill of Rights limits royal authority. Scotland is united with England to create Great Britain. German King George’s depends on the prime minister (1st one). Britain defeats France in the Seven Year’s War.

Ideas of the Age- The Age of Reason- late 1600s-1700s Sir Isaac Newton uses the scientific method, which is still used today. The universe operates by logical principles. Logic and order applied to humanity. The right of citizens to revolt against an unfair government. People gathered to share ideas in coffeehouses. The rich lived well while the poor suffered.

Literature of the Times- Literature flourished during this period. Social Observers A growing middle class increased demand for middlebrow literature. Journalism became popular, providing opinions as well as facts. Novels were modeled on nonfiction forms (first invented). Pepys diary captured Restoration Period. Satirical Voices Neoclassicists emulated the rationality of ancient Greek and Roman writers. The early 1700s were called called the Augustan Age, in reference to the times of Roman emperor Augustus. Satire pointed out society’s problems; Horation satire was gentle, Juvenalian was dark. Restoration comedies satirized the Stuart Court.

The Age of Johnson The late 1700s were called the Age of Johnson in tribute to Samuel Johnson, and influential writer. Nonfiction flourished. Poetry entered a transitional period. Women Writers Unable to participate in public intellectual life, women formed salons. Intellectual women were known as bluestockings. Women began publishing their work. Wollstonecraft called for women’s rights.

Nonfiction in the 18Th Century

A New World of ideas 1. In England, the works of the philosophers _______________________and __________________helped spark the Enlightenment. 2. The spread of _____________________ in the 17th century increased literacy among the __________________in the 18th century. 3. During the Enlightenment, readers generally preferred _______________________ to fiction. The Development of the essay 4. An essay is _____________________________________________________________________ 5. The word _________________________ comes from the title of French philosopher __________________’s collection of writings, Essais, meaning “__________________ .” 6. The first prominent English essayist was ___________________________. 7. An informal essay is _____________________________________________________________________ 8. A formal essay ___________________________________________________________________ John Locke Thomas Hobbes education lower & middle classes nonfiction A short work of nonfiction that offers a writer’s opinion on a particular subject essay Michel de Mataigne attempts Francis Bacon Written in a non-serious tone, may include humor, & may deal w/unconventional Explores topics in a more serious, thorough, & organized manner

Other Forms of Nonfiction 9. ___________________and _________________often provide personal details of everyday life at the time they were written. 10. Biography is nonfiction in which ______________________________________ 11. ______________________and ______________________ are works in which people recall significant events in their own lives. Strategies for reading Nonfiction 12. Using your own words, describe four helpful strategies for reading nonfiction on the lines provided. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The rise of Journalism 13. Use the timeline on pages 572–573 to complete each item. ______Newspapers expand as licensing restrictions are lifted. ______ England’s first ________________ is published. ______ Addison and Steele found The Spectator. 14. The timeline lists three important periodicals: the___________________ , ______________, and __________________. Letters diaries a writer recounts events of another’s life Autobiographies memoirs Take note of the type of document you are reading Decide what purpose the author was trying to achieve Consider the work’s historical context; is it still valuable? Summarize main ideas in your own words 1694 Daily newspaper 1711 Daily Courant The Tatler The Spectator