Risk governance of emerging contaminants in drinking water and its resources Comparing practices in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the State of Minnesota Julia Hartmann

Social and technical trends result in the detection of more contaminants in drinking water resources Quality of drinking water resources Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

How do we define emerging contaminants? Introduction How do we define emerging contaminants? Chemical substance (e.g. ionic liquids) or microorgranism (e.g. AMR) New or increased threat to public health via exposure to drinking water Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Real Expected Perceived Threat might be… New evidence on hazard + exposure Expected New evidence on hazard OR exposure Perceived Public concern, no immediate threat Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Introduction Chemicals in drinking water are often perceived as threats to public health. https://permaculturenews.org/2012/12/05/illicit-drugs-in-drinking-water/ https://permaculturenews.org/2012/12/05/illicit-drugs-in-drinking-water/ Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Introduction Much scientific research has been done on emerging contaminants in drinking water (resources) Studied topics include: Identification through screening efforts Toxicological potential Improving analytical techniques Risk management Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Introduction We don’t know enough about how science contributes to policy on emerging contaminants ? Science Water policy Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Objective What are the areas for improvement in current policy approaches and how can science contribute? Make recommendations for future research Identify areas for improvement Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Which policy approaches did we include? Analytical approach Which policy approaches did we include? Netherlands, Germany & Switzerland Minnesota (USA) To examine transboundary differences in the Rhine river catchment area Presence of policy program for the assessment of ECs in drinking water (MDH CEC program) Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

The IRGC risk governance framework was used as a normative concept Analytical approach The IRGC risk governance framework was used as a normative concept Pre-assessment Identification of contaminant Risk appraisal Hazard assessment Exposure assessment Concern assessment (Risk) communication Risk acceptance Judgement of seriousness Judging tolerability & acceptability Risk management Measures to decrease or remove the threat https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health_management_and_risk_governance Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Why did we use the IRGC risk governance framework? Analytical approach Why did we use the IRGC risk governance framework? Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Incidence of PFOA in drinking water resources was used as a case study Analytical approach Incidence of PFOA in drinking water resources was used as a case study Manmade chemical Perfluorooctanoic acid Used in teflon and paints Persistent in the aquatic environment Adverse human health effects e.g. on the reproductive system Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Identified areas for improvement Results & conclusions Identified areas for improvement Including the public into the risk governance process Timely identification of emerging contaminants Improving risk communication Why are these important areas for improvement? How can science contribute? Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Stakeholder involvement can be improved: involving the public? Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Why is timely identification important? Results & conclusions Why is timely identification important? Enables timely risk management options 2. Positive effect on risk communication 3. Allows for inclusion of other factors next to public health in deliberating the need for risk remediation measures Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Timely identification of emerging contaminants enables broader risk evaluation FUTURE?? NOW Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

How can science contribute? Take home messages How can science contribute? Timely identification Define criteria for Persistent, Mobile and Toxic chemicals Develop systematic approaches for media monitoring Risk communication How to communicate in cases of limited knowledge on toxicity Public participation in risk governance Analyze possibility and benefit Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

References Arp, H. P. H., Brown, T. N., Berger, U., & Hale, S. E. (2017). Ranking REACH registered neutral, ionizable and ionic organic chemicals based on their aquatic persistency and mobility. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 19(7), 939-955. doi:10.1039/c7em00158d Naidu, R., Arias Espana, V. A., Liu, Y., & Jit, J. (2016). Emerging contaminants in the environment: Risk-based analysis for better management. Chemosphere, 154, 350-357. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.068 Naidu, R., Jit, J., Kennedy, B., & Arias, V. (2016). Emerging contaminant uncertainties and policy: The chicken or the egg conundrum. Chemosphere, 154, 385-390. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.110 Richardson, S. D., & Kimura, S. Y. (2016). Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 88(1), 546-582. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04493 Semenza, J. C., Rocklöv, J., Penttinen, P., & Lindgren, E. (2016). Observed and projected drivers of emerging infectious diseases in Europe. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1382(1), 73-83. Tobias, R. (2016). Communication About Micropollutants in Drinking Water: Effects of the Presentation and Psychological Processes. Risk Analysis, 36(10), 2011-2026. doi:10.1111/risa.12485 Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Thank you! Questions? +31 30 274 2913 julia.hartmann@rivm.nl Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Risk communication: German case study Results & conclusions Risk communication: German case study - Pollution was Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Timeline of PFOA in drinking water resources Analytical approach Timeline of PFOA in drinking water resources 1979 Evidence for carcinogenicity of PFOA in rats 2008 EPA published guideline value drinking water 2006 CASE GERMANY 2011 CASE SWITZERLAND 2015 CASE THE NETHERLANDS 2016 CASE MINNESOTA https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187289/: Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds Philippe Grandjean, MD, DMSca,b and Richard Clapp, DSc, MPHb,c CASES Grandjean P, Clapp R. Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds. Public Health Reports. 2014;129(6):482-485. Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017

Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017