Welcome to the IEEE IPR Office Copyright Tutorial Click to begin

This Copyright Tutorial has been designed to provide you with an overview of copyright laws, and will hopefully provide some insight to an important topic Click to Continue

Part One: Basic Concepts and the History of Copyright Click to Continue

What Is Copyright? Copyright is one of a group of intellectual property rights (or laws) that are intended to protect the interests of an author or copyright owner. In other words, these laws give an author/owner nearly exclusive control over the use of his/her work. Click to Continue

What Is Copyright? Copyright comes into existence the moment a work (an article, a book, a computer program, an email, a symphony, a sculpture, etc.) is first fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. Click to Continue

The following works are copyrightable: Literary works Motion pictures Musical works Sound recordings Visual artwork Architectural work Pantomime and dance performances Click to Continue

The following works are copyrightable: NOT Ideas Concepts Processes Systems Procedures Methods of operations Click to Continue

Early Copyright History 1447 Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. Mass production of printed text allowed for cheap and easy duplication of works Statute of Anne First copyright law that covered works owned by individuals (vs. the Guild) and lasted 21 years Prussian parliament enacts the first“international” copyright legislation to protect German authors For years, copyright was tied closely with the advancement of the printed word Licensing Act Required all books to be licensed with the Publishing Guild First copyright granted to the King’s Printer, Richard Pynson, for two years 1518 1662 1710 1794 Click to Continue

Part Two: Copyright Treaties, Laws and Fair Use Click to Continue

International Treaties A work originating in one of the countries that is a signatory member of the treaty must be given at least the same level of protection in each member country as that country gives to works created by its own citizens. The is an international copyright treaty that was first adopted in Berne, Switzerland in 1886. It establishes a minimum level of copyright protection. Berne Convention The (UCC) was created in 1952 through UNESCO; the UCC remains significant in the countries that are UCC but not Berne Union members. Universal Copyright Convention From “US Dept of State” web site at http://usinfo.state.gov Click to Continue

U.S. Copyright Laws The represented a significant revision to US copyright law. Most notably, the Act: 1976 Copyright Act Established the need for a signed transfer of copyright from an author to another person or organization Extended the term of copyright protection for the life of the author, plus 50 years Determined that copyright protection began once the work was “fixed in any tangible medium”, as opposed to earlier copyright laws that required the work to be published. Click to Continue

U.S. Copyright Laws The , signed into law on October 27, 1998, amended the provisions concerning duration of copyright protection by generally extending for an additional 20 years for authored works. Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act From “US Copyright Office” web site at http://www.copyright.gov/fls/sl15.html Click to Continue

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) U.S. Copyright Laws The was enacted on October 28, 1998 to revise U.S. law to comply with the 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaties that were intended to strengthen protection for copyrighted works in electronic formats. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) The DMCA: Establishes prohibitions on circumventing technological measures that control access to a work protected under the U.S. Copyright Act Makes it illegal to … traffic in any technology… which is primarily intended to circumvent a technological measure that protects a right of a copyright owner in a work protected by copyright. Prohibits intentional removal or alteration of copyright management information From “US Copyright Office” web site at http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2000/65fr35673.html Click to Continue

U.S. Copyright Laws On June 30, 2000, the US Congress enacted the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign) The E-Sign Act is a nationwide standard that gives digital signatures the same legal force as signatures written in ink. By making electronic signatures legally binding, this legislation enables consumers, enterprises, and government organizations to use the Internet to engage in transactions and business processes that require a personal signature. From “VeriSign” web site at http://www.verisign.com/verisign-business-solutions/public-sector-solutions/public-sector-e-sign-act/index.html Click to Continue

What is Fair Use? refers to a set of ideas or concepts intended to limit the near-exclusive rights of the copyright owner under specific circumstances. Fair Use However, because Fair Use is a doctrine and not a fixed body of laws, no generally applicable definition is available. Click to Continue

The nature of the copyrighted work; Fair Use Defined The 1976 Copyright Act gives some guidance to help identify fair use: “In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include— 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2. The nature of the copyrighted work; 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; 4. And the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.” Click to Continue

Part Three: Additional Information Click to Continue

Sites to visit for more information about copyright United States Copyright Office promotes creativity by administering and sustaining an effective national copyright system.      http://www.copyright.gov The Copyright Clearance Center provides the most complete and convenient access to copyright permission for millions of publications worldwide. http://www.copyright.com/ Association of American Publishers (AAP)  has gathered several resources related to copyright and permissions throughout their web site. http://www.publishers.org/copyright/index.cfm World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an agency of the United Nations that administers 23 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection.      http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en Click to Continue

Sites to visit for more information about copyright American Intellectual Property Law Association aids in the improvement in laws related to intellectual property and in their proper interpretation by the courts, and to provide legal education to the public and to its members on intellectual property issues. http://www.aipla.org The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) seeks to update U.S. copyright law for the digital age in preparation for ratification of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaties. http://www.educause.edu/issues/dmca.html The Copyright Management Center (CMC) serves the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and larger Indiana University community with the management of copyright issues http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/index.htm American Mathematical Society (AMS)  Copyright and Permission Information http://www.ams.org/authors/permissions.html Click to Continue

For more information on this topic, please contact us: IEEE IPR Office www.ieee.org/copyrights 732-562-3966 copyrights@ieee.org Click to Continue

The IPR Tutorial Series For other tutorials on IPR-related topics, such as Trademarks Patents Plagiarism Please visit the IEEE IPR Office web site www.ieee.org/copyrights/tutorials Click to Continue

This concludes the IEEE IPR Office Copyright Tutorial. We hope it helped to provide a better understanding of copyright. Copyright © 2008 IEEE