ARCH 304 History of Architecture II MODERNISM - Its initial movements Sofia Sebastian

Robert Maillart Auguste Perret Exploiting the potentials of concrete Swiss engineer Exploit the plastic potential of concrete Extremely expressive forms . Salginatobel Bridge - 1930 . Auguste Perret French architect Used RCC Walls are not load bearing as he is using concrete framed structure More light Homes of Perret, Rue Franklin -1923

Le Corbusier ( 1887-1965) Exploiting the potentials of concrete Charles Edouard Jeanneret Known for architectural mastery of form and light Swiss based French architect . Firmly understood Reinforced concrete Dom-ino house (1914) Mass produced housing – reducing the components to a minimum Floor slabs, piers (columns) and stairs Factory fabrication Hence the result was a free plan, flexible wall distribution, free façade prototype for most construction of housing .

Le Corbusier Citrohan House (1922) Exploiting the potentials of concrete Le Corbusier . Citrohan House (1922) RCC Raised off the ground by piers or pilotis Garage and service rooms on the ground level First floor – living, dining, maid’s room and kitchen Second floor – master bed room overlooking the two storey living room Third floor – children’s rooms and roof garden Simple punched openings with industrial windows .

Le Corbusier Exploiting the potentials of concrete Villa Savoye (1929-31), Poissy outside Paris Weekend house Followed the 5 Points Towards a New Architecture Horizontal ribbon windows at the second floor level Recessed pilotis Unglazed ceramic tile flooring Simple pipe rails Skylights Le Corbusier . .

Le Corbusier Exploiting the potentials of concrete Five points Toward a New Architecture The supports (pilotis) elevates the first floor off the ground The flat roof ( roof garden) is used for gardening, play and relaxation The interior walls is independent off the structure and is arranged in a free plan The horizontal windows – more light The façade is independent off the structure system – free design Le Corbusier . .

Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Exploiting the potentials of concrete . Combined Industrial production and artistic expression Founded the Bauhaus – a new school of Design in Wiemar, Germany Worked with Adolf Meyer – Fagus Shoe last factory (1911) Fagus Shoe last factory (1911) . Landmark in the history of modern architecture Has elements that characterized the International Style Glass curtain walls between expressive steel supports Corner walls free of solid masonry Simple rectangular massing with a flat roof

Bauhaus – House of Building Exploiting the potentials of concrete Walter Gropius . Bauhaus – House of Building Integration of art with mechanized production RC frame structure 4 major buildings arranged freely on the site – no front Workshop wing – 4 storeys tall – largest mass – glass curtain wall – studio spaces for carpentry, dyeing, sculpture, weaving and wall painting along with exhibition and lecture spaces Bridge – administrative offices Low dining hall and auditorium 5 storey student dormitory with 28 rooms .

Bauhaus – House of Building Exploiting the potentials of concrete Walter Gropius Bauhaus – House of Building Designed and executed all the interiors Metal workshop – lighting fixtures and steel tubular furniture Printing workshop for the graphics Building was a total work of art Industrial construction materials – concrete and glass without ornament and clear circulation Geometric shapes and solids Linear elements Simplicity . .

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) Exploiting the potentials of concrete Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) Competition project 1919 Friedrichstrasse station – 20 storey skyscraper Completely sheathed in glass 1920-21 transparent skyscraper – Glass Tower Not built 30 storey tower wrapped in glass Highly irregular perimeter 2 circular elevator stair core Exploit on the varying reflections Highly faceted shimmering shaft RCC slabs cantilevered to a thin edge at the outside wall . Friedrichstrasse station . Glass Tower

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Exploiting the potentials of concrete Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion Celebrated architectural designs of the 20th century After the exposition, the building was dismantled and sold at auction Replica of the pavilion has been built on the original site It contained no displays, except stainless steel tables, stools and chairs designed by Mies, sculpture of a dancing girl carefully placed in a reflecting pool at one end of the building . . Barcelona Chair – chrome plated steel with upholstery

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Exploiting the potentials of concrete Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion Design is simple and sophisticated Raised on a low podium Pavilion was a one-storey jewel box Most of the site was occupied by an exterior courtyard dominated by large reflecting pool lined with black glass separation between structure and enclosure 8 cruciform columns supporting a horizontal roof slab independent of the walls Walls not aligned with the column grid Columns – shiny, chromium plated steel Walls – marble – deep shades of red and green Floors – Roman travertine Onyx and gray tinted glass . .

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Exploiting the potentials of concrete Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Tugendhat House (1930), Brno Czech republic 2 storeys on a hilly site Large glass walls . .

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Exploiting the potentials of concrete Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Tugendhat House (1930), Brno Czech republic Regular grid of chromium steel cruciform columns supports the roof Polished slabs of marble walls to define interior spaces in an open plan Interior colour is subdued – natural colour of the finishing material White linoleum floor . .