What Is Criminal Justice? 1 What Is Criminal Justice?

The History of Crime Crime control has been a primary concern of politicians and government leaders worldwide The 20th & 21st centuries have served as a breeding ground for changes in criminal justice Adequate law enforcement involves a global effort

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement 1960s and 1970s The Civil Rights Movement Emphasized equality regardless of race, color or gender Dramatic increase in reported criminal activity

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement “War on Drugs” and emergence of “crack” Increase sale & use of drugs= Increase in crime Cities saw an increase in drug gangs, decrease in property values & quality of life.

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement 1999 Columbine High School massacre Public Perception that crime was growing Belief that offenders went unpunished or received a slap on the wrist

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement September 11, 2001 Racial profiling & privacy Proactive not reactive to threats Law enforcement is a global effort Patriot Act increases the investigatory authority of federal, state and local agencies

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement 2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act-intend to corporate crimes & hold them accountable Increase in corporate, white-collar crimes Continues to be the focus of Federal Prosecutors (Bernie Madoff)

Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement Question #1 Why do you think events change the focus of law enforcement? Can you give another example?

Individual Rights vs. Public Order Individual rights perspective Protect the personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice

Individual Rights vs. Public Order Question #2 What are some individual rights you want protected?

Individual Rights vs. Public Order Public order perspective Under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights

Individual Rights vs. Public Order Question #3 What threats to public safety do you want protected from?

Individual Rights vs. Public Order Criminal justice is an institution of social control Caught in a balancing act between individual rights and public order

Two Models of the Criminal Justice System Crime control Due process

Two Models of the Criminal Justice System Crime control Efficient arrest and conviction Assembly line justice Public order

Two Models of the Criminal Justice System 2. Due process Individual rights at all stages Obstacle course justice

Two Models of the Criminal Justice System Question #4 Which model of criminal justice system do you prefer? Why?

Definition of Justice Justice The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity

Justice Social justice An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life Linked to fundamental notions of fairness & cultural beliefs about right & wrong

Justice Civil justice Fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters

Justice Criminal justice The criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law

Justice Criminal justice Cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation’s criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong

Models of Criminal Justice The Consensus Model assumes that all of the components work together to achieve the social product of justice.

Models of Criminal Justice The Conflict Model assumes that all of the components function to serve their own interests and justice is a product of conflict, not cooperation.

Models of Criminal Justice Question #5 Which model of Criminal Justice (consensus/conflict) is best for a society? Why?

The American Criminal Justice System Police Enforce the laws Investigate crimes Reduce/Prevent Crimes Maintain public order Apprehend offenders

The American Criminal Justice System Courts Conduct fair and impartial trials Decide criminal cases Endure due process Impose sentencing Uphold the law

The American Criminal Justice System Corrections Carry out sentences imposed by the courts Provide safe/humane custody Protect community Rehabilitate, reform offenders Respect legal & human rights of the convicted

The American Criminal Justice System Question #6 In the American Criminal Justice system, who make sure that all three parts (police, corrections, courts) are doing their jobs? Is it working?

Investigation and Arrest Investigation (Probable cause) A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent person to believe that a specific person has committed a crime

Investigation and Arrest Warrant A writ issued in criminal proceedings by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act, and protects the officer from any damages related to the act

Investigation and Arrest Act of taking an adult or juvenile into custody Before questioning, defendants are usually advised of their constitutional rights or Miranda Rights

Miranda Warnings Miranda v. Arizona Read prior to any questioning of a suspect in a custodial setting To make sure anything the suspect says from that point forward can be used against the suspect if the case proceeds

The Criminal Justice Process Booking Administrative process (pic, prints, info) First appearance Told charges, bail Preliminary Hearing Establish if evidence exists Indictment or Information Decision if the case goes further

The Criminal Justice Process Arraignment Enter a plea Adjudication Reenter plea & Trial Sentencing Judge decides punishment Corrections Carries out sentencing in variety of ways

The Criminal Justice Process Question # 7 Which part of the Criminal Justice process is the most difficult? Why?

Development of Academic Criminal Justice August Vollmer began criminal justice education 1960s-1970s Introduction of criminology, NIJ 2011 Evidence-based practice in criminal justice

Multiculturism The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society’s legal and political systems Diversity characterizes both immigrant and U.S.-born individuals