China! http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/04.html In 1232 AD the Chinese used rockets against the Mongols who were besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu. An arrow with a tube of gunpowder produced an arrow of flying fire. (Reproduced from a painting by Charles Hubbell and presented here courtesy of TRW Inc.and Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio)

http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001336.html GRIN NASA Center: Goddard Space Flight Center Image # : G-32-04 Date : 01/01/1932 Dr. Robert Goddard Full Description The Goddard Space Flight Center was named in honor of Dr. Robert Goddard, a pioneer in rocket development. Keywords Robert Goddard Subject Category VIPs-People at NASA-NACA, Reference Numbers Center: GSFC Center Number: G-32-04 GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2000-001336 http://pao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/frocket/rhg.gif http://pao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/frocket/frocket.htm

http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vbg/new-50.gif With German Rocket Experimenters (1930s) Dr. Von Braun was among a famous group of rocket experimenters in Germany in the 1930s. He is shown second from right in this photo.

http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/MSFC-00321.html Name of Image: Stacking V-2 in Germany MIX #: 9132003 NIX #: MSFC-00321 Date of Image: circa 1944 Category: Rockets Full Description: German technicians stack the various stages of the V-2 rocket in this undated photograph. The team of German engineers and scientists who developed the V-2 came to the United States at the end of World War II and worked for the U. S. Army at Fort BlISS Propulsion, Texas, and Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. (MRPO) MRD/SPD Discipline(s): n/a (MRPO) Subject Type: Keywords: History, Rockets, V-2 MSFC Negative Number: Reference Number: 0004H (MRPO) Source Ref#:

R-7 sputnik launch http://users.northnet.com.au/~amcgann/website/Early_Attempts.htm From earliest times, Man has longed to journey into Space. However, the Earth's gravitational pull has kept us planet bound. The development of the rocket engine in the 1940's and 1950's provided us with the necessary thrust to break free of the Earths gravity and thus enter Space. The Russians were the first to send a man made object into Space. The Russians launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite, on October 4, 1957. (The rocket that carried Sputnik into Space) (Sputnik. The first man made satellite in Space) Sputnik was 500 miles up, traveling at 18,000 miles an hour, and it circled the globe every 96 minutes. It flew over the U.S. seven times a day.

http://www.kosmonaut.se/gagarin/index_article.html

http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/craft/vosok3ka.htm http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/graphics/v/vostkalu.jpg

http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html AS11-44-6667 view of full lunar disc during return trip

Atlas! http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001400.html GRIN NASA Center: Johnson Space Center Image # : S62-05531 Date : 09/25/1962 Carpenter Launch Full Description Scott Carpenter's Aurora 7 Mercury Atlas rocket lifts off from Pad 14, Cape Canaveral, Florida, on May 24, 1962. Keywords Aurora 7 MA-7 Launch Scott Carpenter Subject Category Mercury-Program, Rocket Launches, Reference Numbers Center: JSC Center Number: S62-05531 GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2000-001400

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/MERC_OV/10073402.htm JSC Digital Image Collection Press Release Images NASA Photo ID: S64-22331 File Name: 10073402.jpg Film Type: 4x5 Date Taken: 01/09/87 Title: Illustration of relative sizes of Mercury, Gemini and Apollo spacecraft Description: Artist concept illustrating the relative sizes of the one-man Mercury spacecraft, the two-man Gemini spacecraft, and the three-man Apollo spacecraft. Also shows line drawing of launch vehichles to show their relative size in relation to each other. Subject terms: APOLLO SPACECRAFT DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT GEMINI SPACECRAFT MERCURY SPACECRAFT REENTRY VEHICLES

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/GT10/10074433.htm JSC Digital Image Collection Press Release Images NASA Photo ID: S66-42762 File Name: 10074433.jpg Film Type: 120 b&w Date Taken: 07/18/66 Title: Time exposure of Gemini 10 launch. Description: The Gemini 10 spacecraft is launched from Complex 19 at 5:20 p.m., July 18, 1966. A time exposure creates the illusion of multiple rocker arms. Onboard are astronauts John W. Young and Michael Collins, command pilot and pilot, respectively. Subject terms: GEMINI 10 FLIGHT GEMINI PROJECT

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/GT4/10074017.htm NASA Photo ID: S65-30427 File Name: 10074017.jpg Film Type: 4x5 Date Taken: 06/09/65 Title: Astronaut Edward White during first EVA performed during Gemini 4 flight Description: Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot for the Gemini-Titan 4 space flight, floats in zero gravity of space. The extravehicular activity was performed during the third revolution of the Gemini 4 spacecraft. White is attached to the spacecraft by a 25-ft. umbilical line and a 23-ft. tether line, both wrapped in gold tape to form one cord. In his right hand White carries a Hand-Held Self-Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU). The visor of his helmet is gold plated to protect him from the unfiltered rays of the sun. Subject terms: ASTRONAUTS EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY GEMINI 4 FLIGHT GEMINI PROJECT GEMINI SPACECRAFT TETHERLINES ZERO GRAVITY

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/GT6/10074244.htm NASA Photo ID: S65-63220 File Name: 10074244.jpg Film Type: 70mm Date Taken: 12/15/65 Title: View of the Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 rendezvous Description: This view of the orbiting Gemini 7 spacecraft was taken from the Gemini 6 spacecraft during their historic rendezvous mission in space. The two spacecrafts were approximately 29 ft. apart when this picture was made. Subject terms: EARTH OBSERVATIONS (FROM SPACE) GEMINI 6 FLIGHT GEMINI 7 FLIGHT GEMINI PROJECT GEMINI SPACECRAFT ONBOARD ACTIVITIES PHOTOGRAPHY RENDEZVOUS

http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001316.html NASA Center: Johnson Space Center Image # : AS12-48-7136 Date : 11/20/1969 Conrad and Surveyor on the Slope of a Crater Full Description Charles Conrad Jr., Apollo 12 Commander, examines the unmanned Surveyor III spacecraft during the second extravehicular activity (EVA-2). The Lunar Module (LM) "Intrepid" is in the right background. This picture was taken by astronaut Alan L. Bean, Lunar Module pilot. The "Intrepid" landed on the Moon's Ocean of Storms only 600 feet from Surveyor III. The television camera and several other components were taken from Surveyor III and brought back to Earth for scientific analysis. Surveyor III soft-landed on the Moon on April 19, 1967. Keywords APOLLO 12 FLIGHT APOLLO PROJECT CRATERS LUNAR EXPLORATION LUNAR Reference Numbers Center: JSC Center Number: AS12-48-7136 GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2000-001316 Source Information Creator/Photographer: NASA Alan L. Bean Original Source: DIGITAL

http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html AS15-88-11866 Apollo 15 Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin salutes the U.S. flag as15-88-11866

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/AS16/10075857.htm NASA Photo ID: AS16-116-18653 File Name: 10075857.jpg Film Type: 70mm Date Taken: 02/23/72 Title: Astronaut Charles Duke stands at rock adjacent to "House Rock" Description: Astronaut Charles M. Duke Jr., Apollo 16 lunar module pilot, stands at a rock adjacent (south) to the huge "House Rock" (barely out of view at right edge). Note shadow at extreme right center where the two moon-exploring crewmen of the mission sampled what they referred to as the "eastwest split of House Rock" or the open space between this rock and "House Rock". Duke has a sample bag in his hand, and a lunar surface rake leans against the large boulder. Subject terms:

STS! http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-103/images/captions/KSC-99PP-1305.html Space Shuttle Discovery, atop the mobile launcher platform and crawler transporter, nears the top of Launch Pad 39B after a 4.2-mile crawl from the Vehicle Assembly Building. At left are the Rotating Service Structure and the Fixed Service Structure, which will enable final preparations of the orbiter, external tank and solid rocket boosters for the STS-103 launch targeted for Dec. 6, 1999, at 2:37 a.m. EST. The mission is a "call-up" due to the need to replace and repair portions of the Hubble Space Telescope. Although Hubble is operating normally and conducting its scientific observations, only three of its six gyroscopes are working properly. Four EVA's are planned to make the necessary repairs and replacements on the telescope. The STS-103 crew members are Commander Curtis L. Brown Jr., Pilot Scott J. Kelly, Steven L. Smith, C. Michael Foale (Ph.D.), John M. Grunsfeld (Ph.D.), and Claude Nicollier of Switzerland and Jean-Frangois Clervoy of France, both with the European Space Agency. (Photo Release Date: 11/13/1999 )

STS launch http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/STS47/10064946.htm NASA Photo ID: STS047(S)039 File Name: 10064946.jpg Film Type: 35mm Date Taken: 09/20/92 Title: STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, liftoff from KSC Description: STS-47 Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, atop its external tank (ET) and flanked by two solid rocket boosters (SRBs), is recorded in this low angle view as it heads for its second trip into space. From this angle, the space shuttle main engines (SSMEs) are clearly visible as well as the diamond shock effect produced during firing. Exhaust plumes trail from the SRB skirts. OV-105 is just about to begin its roll maneuver. Liftoff from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Launch Complex (LC) 39 pad occurred at 10:23:00:0680 am (Eastern Daylight Time (EDT)). Subject terms: ENDEAVOUR (ORBITER) EXHAUST CLOUDS EXTERNAL TANKS FLORIDA KENNEDY SPACE CENTER LIFTOFF (LAUNCHING) SPACE SHUTTLE BOOSTERS SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE STS-47

Hubble! http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001066.html GRIN NASA Center: Johnson Space Center Image # : STS082-709-097 Date : 02/19/1997 Hubble Redeployment Full Description Attached to the "robot arm" the Hubble Space Telescope is unberthed and lifted up into the sunlight during this the second servicing mission designated HST SM-02. Keywords STS-82 Discovery Payload Bay Hubble Space Telescope HST Remote Manipulator System RMS Canada Arm Subject Category Space Shuttle, Hubble, Reference Numbers Center: JSC Center Number: STS082-709-097 GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2000-001066

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/STS47/10064957.htm JSC Digital Image Collection Press Release Images NASA Photo ID: STS047-37-003 File Name: 10064957.jpg Film Type: 35mm Date Taken: 09/20/92 Title: STS-47 MS Jemison works in the Spacelab Japan (SLJ) module aboard OV-105 Description: STS-47 Mission Specialist (MS) Mae C. Jemison appears to be clicking her heels in zero gravity in the center aisle of the Spacelab Japan (SLJ) science module aboard the Earth-orbiting Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105. Making her first flight in space, Dr. Jemison was joined by five other NASA astronauts and a Japanese payload specialist for eight days of research in support of the SLJ mission, a joint effort between Japan and United States. Subject terms: ASTRONAUTS COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT CREW EXPERIMENT STATIONS CREW WORKSTATIONS CREWS ENDEAVOUR (ORBITER) HEADSETS ONBOARD ACTIVITIES SPACELAB STS-47

http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/images/pao/STS31/10063621.htm NASA Photo ID: STS031(S)131 File Name: 10063621.jpg Film Type: 35mm Date Taken: 04/29/90 Title: STS-31 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, glides toward EAFB landing Description: STS-31 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, approaches Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB), California landing facility. This view was captured moments before the landing gear was deployed and shows OV-103's port side and its underside of carefully placed heat shield tiles. OV-103 came to a complete wheel stop at 6:51:00 am (Pacific Daylight Time (PDT)) on concrete runway 22. Subject terms: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY APPROACH DISCOVERY (ORBITER) SPACECRAFT LANDING STS-31 THERMAL PROTECTION TILES

http://spaceflight. nasa http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-97/html/s97e5088.html S97-E-5088 (9 December 2000) --- This is one of a series of digital still camera views showing the International Space Station (ISS) during a fly-around by the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The 240-foot-long, 38-foot-wide solar array (top) is the newest part and one of the most prominent components of the station. Onboard ISS for about 40 days at the time of this photo were astronaut William M. Shepherd and cosmonauts Yuri P. Gidzenko and Sergei K. Krikalev. Onboard the shuttle were STS-97 astronauts -- commander Brent W. Jett, Jr., pilot Mike Bloomfield and mission specialists Marc Garneau of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Carlos I. Noriega and Joseph R. Tanner.

http://spaceflight. nasa http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/mars/lunaractivities/html/s83_28322.html S83-28322 (14 March 1983) --- This chart illustrates the routes taken by various vehicles as liquid oxygen mined on the Moon is transported back to Earth and ultimately used to fuel a variety of vehicles. Some would travel to geosynchronous Earth orbit, where communications satellites can be serviced or replaced. Other would fly the route between the Earth and the Moon, carrying liquid hydrogen to the lunar facilities and brining liquid oxygen back to the low Earth orbit facility. This is one of a series of concepts developed for the Johnson Space Center by Eagle Engineering of Houston. Pat Rawlings is the artist.

Moon base! http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/mars/lunarbases/html/s89_20084.html S89-20084 (July 1989)--- With a number of studies ongoing for possible lunar expeditions, many concepts for living and working on Earth's natural satellite have been examined. This art concept reflects the evaluation and study at JSC by the Man Systems Division and Johnson Engineering personnel. A sixteen-meter diameter inflatable habitat such as the one depicted here could accommodate the needs of a dozen astronauts living and working on the surface of the Moon. Depicted are astronauts exercising, a base operations center, a pressurized lunar rover, a small clean room, a fully equipped life sciences lab, a lunar lander, selenological work, hydroponic gardens, a wardroom, private crew quarters, dust-removing devices for lunar surface work and an airlock.

http://spaceflight. nasa http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/mars/lunaractivities/html/s99_04195.html S99-04195 (1995) --- (Artist's concept of possible exploration programs.) Just a few kilometers from the Apollo 17 Taurus Littrow landing site, a lunar mining facility harvests oxygen from the resource-rich volcanic soil of the eastern Mare Serenitatis. Here a marketing executive describes the high iron, aluminum, magnesium, and titanium content in the processed tailings, which could be used as raw material for a lunar metals production plant. This image produced for NASA by Pat Rawlings, (SAIC). Technical concepts for NASA's Exploration Office, Johnson Space Center (JSC). Note: NASA currently has no formal plans for a human expedition to Mars or the Moon. This image and others displayed may not reflect the hardware and overall concept of possible visits to either of those celestial bodies. However, the art work represented here serves as a comprehensive study of various concepts and ideas developed as possibilities over a period of years. The renderings were accomplished by NASA and/or NASA-commissioned artists.