Wishful Adaptation Paragraph 01/29/14 Check In: What are Mutations? What causes mutations? Are mutations good or bad, why? Homework: Wishful Adaptation Paragraph Think of an adaptation that you wish humans had developed and write a paragraph about how it would benefit you or your fellow humans. Due Friday, 2/17

Wishful Adaptation Paragraph 01/29/14 Check In: What are Mutations? What causes mutations? Are mutations good or bad, why? Homework: Wishful Adaptation Paragraph Think of an adaptation that you wish humans had developed and write a paragraph about how it would benefit you or your fellow humans.

Mutations and Gene Regulation 01/29/14 Mutations and Gene Regulation 3

01/29/14 Review Remember: In Eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus. For the most part, all of the cells in an organism’s body have the same DNA. However, we have learned that cells are specialized for specific tasks and parts of the body. How can they be specialized but have the exact same DNA, the exact same instructions? 4

01/29/14 Cell Differentiation Cell differentiation is the way that cells become different from each other as they grow and develop. At first, all cells are the same and are not specialized. These cells are called stem cells. As they grow and divide they become differentiated and specialized into heart cells, brain cells, liver cells, etc.

01/29/14 Cell Differentiation The differentiation of cells, despite the fact that all cells have the same DNA, occurs due to gene regulation. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can regulate which genes are expressed and which are not, depending on the cell’s needs. 6

Cell Organization Review 01/29/14 Cell Organization Review Specialized cells have specific jobs. A group of similar cells working together to perform the same function is called a tissue. Ex: muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous A group of similar tissues working together to perform the same function is called an organ Ex: heart A group of similar organs working together to perform the same function is called an organ system. Ex: circulatory system 7

01/29/14 Gene Regulation As different cells respond to the environment they produce different types and amounts of proteins by “turning on” some genes and “turning off” other genes. Remember: A gene is a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein. This protein production is what specializes different cells for different jobs. 8

Genes in Prokaryotes Are Grouped Together and Regulated Together 01/29/14 Genes in Prokaryotes Are Grouped Together and Regulated Together Positive Regulation of genes (normally “off”) Used in “rainy day” gene sets like for lactose utilization Negative Regulation of genes (normally “on”) Used to regulate genes that are used all the time, like amino acid making genes

01/29/14 Warm Up Name two types of Gene Regulation. Describe how it is possible for every cell to have the same instructions but end up different.

01/29/14 Mutation A mutation is a change in the nucleotide- base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule When the cell copies its DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase is in charge of proofreading the new DNA strand for errors. If it makes an error and doesn’t correct it, a mutation occurs. 11

Mutation Example DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT RNA: AUG-CCG-CUC-AUC-GGA 01/29/14 Mutation Example DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT RNA: AUG-CCG-CUC-AUC-GGA AA: Met - Pro -Leu -Iso -Gly These amino acids in this order make up a specific protein that is needed by the body.

Point Mutation Example 01/29/14 Point Mutation Example If one DNA nucleotide is changed, look what happens to the protein… DNA: TAC-GTC-GAG-TAG-CCT RNA: AUG-CAG-CUC-AUC-GGA AA: Met - Glu -Leu -Iso -Gly Now a point mutation has been made, but this may not change the amino acid sequence

01/29/14 Frame Shift Example A different type of mutation can occur called a frame-shift mutation. What would happen if DNA Polymerase accidently removed one of the nucleotides in the original DNA sequence? DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT DNA: TAC-GGC-AGT-AGC-CT RNA: AUG-CCG-UCA-UCG-GA AA: Met - Pro -Ser -Ser - --- X

Types of Gene Mutations 01/29/14 Types of Gene Mutations 15

01/29/14 REVIEW What is a mutation? 16

A change in a nucleotide base sequence 01/29/14 A change in a nucleotide base sequence 17

01/29/14 Name that mutation: THE CAT SAT  THE CT SAT 18

01/29/14 Deletion 19

THE CAT SAT  THE CATTA SAT 01/29/14 Name that mutation: THE CAT SAT  THE CATTA SAT 20

01/29/14 Insertion 21

01/29/14 Name that mutation: THE CAT SAT  ITH ECA TSA 22

01/29/14 Frameshift mutation 23

01/29/14 Mutation Practice Perform a single point Insertion Mutation to this mRNA strand. ACU CGA ACA Take the original sequence and translate it. Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

Mutation Practice Mutate this mRNA strand with a Frame shift. 01/29/14 Mutation Practice Mutate this mRNA strand with a Frame shift. CAC UAG AGU Take the original sequence and translate it. Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

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01/29/14 Cool-Down 1- What is the difference between transcription and translation (consider inputs and outputs)? 2- A mutation changes the original sequence of A- T-T-C-G-A to T-T-A-C-G-A. What kind of mutation was this? Did it shift the reading frame? 3- Fictional: in the battle between DNA and protein, who makes the stronger case for determining who you are as a person?

Name the correct mutation! 01/29/14 Mutation Practice Name the correct mutation! Normal Gene: ACA TCA CCG Mutation # 1: ACG TCA CCG Mutation # 2: ACA ACT CCG Mutation # 3: AAT CAC CG

Name the correct mutation! 01/29/14 Mutation Practice Name the correct mutation! Normal Gene: TCG CCG ACG Mutation # 1: TCT GCC GAC G Mutation # 2: TCG CCG CCG ACG Mutation # 3: GCC GCT ACG