A change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information

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A change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information Mutations A change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Germ cell mutations Occurs in gametes Do NOT affect the organism but are passed on to offspring

Somatic Cell Mutations Occurs in body cells Affects the individual

Types of Mutations A. Chromosomal Mutations Occurs during cell division

Deletion Loss of all or part of a chromosome Opposite of duplication (segment is repeated

Inversion Part of a chromosome becomes oriented in reverse of its usual direction Ex. TAGTAGTAG-- TAGTAGGAT

Translocation Part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches to another, nonhomologous chromosome

Nondisjunction When a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis Ex. Trisomy 21 – Down Syndrome

B. Gene Mutations Results in different proteins being made

Point Mutation Involves one nucleotide in DNA sequence being substituted Ex. TAG --- TCG

Frameshift Mutation One nucleotide is deleted or inserted, the code is shifted Ex. TAGTAG --- TAGAG TAGTAG --- TAGTAAG

Causes of Mutations Mutagens- environmental factors which damage DNA

A. Chemicals B. Electromagnetic Radiation (X-rays) C. UV Light

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