Physical States of Matter Bose-Einstein Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (Newest State)

KINETIC THEORY 3 Principles of Kinetic Theory All matter is made of tiny particles (atoms) These particles are in constant motion When particles collide with each other or the container, the collisions are perfectly elastic (no energy is lost)

Energy and the States of Matter The physical states of matter result from the amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement. Energy/Temperature and Matter Simulations PhET BEC: Temperature and Absolute Zero If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?

Bose-Einstein Condensate Exist at extremely cold temperatures (around absolute zero or -460 oF) Particles are super unexcited Particles lock or “clump” together so firmly that they move as a single unit Definite shape and volume (?)

Solid Particles are tightly compact Particles vibrate without the ability to move freely Definite shape and volume Solid Animation

Liquid Particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other No definite shape, but definite volume Liquid Animation

Gas Particles can easily spread out or move close together Particle move freely and with a lot of energy No definite shape or volume Gas Simulation

Plasma Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe? Exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius) Particles are broken apart Particles move freely and with extremely high energy This form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe No definite shape or volume (?) Examples: Florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis - + + + - -

States of Matter Continuum What about this continuum could be considered a little misleading? Taken from: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_becondensate.html

TERMINOLOGY for PHASE CHANGES Melting-commonly used to indicate changing from solid to liquid Normal melting point-The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solid and the vapor pressure of the liquid are equal Freezing-Changing from a liquid to a solid Melting and freezing occur at the same temperature Liquifaction-Turning a gas to a liquid Only happens in low temperature and high pressure situations

TERMINOLOGY for PHASE CHANGES Difference in Gas and Vapor Gas-state of matter that exists at normal room temperature Vaport-produced by particles escaping from a state of matter that is normally liquid or solid at room temperature Boiling-used to indicate changing from a liquid to a gas/vapor Normal boiling point - temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to standard atmospheric pressure, which is 101.325 kPa Boiling point is a function of pressure. At lower pressures, the boiling point is lower

TERMINOLOGY for PHASE CHANGES 2 types of boiling: boiling and evaporation Evaporation takes place only at the surface of a liquid or solid while boiling takes place throughout the body of a liquid Particles have high kinetic energy Particles escape and become vapor Condensation-used to indicate changing from a vapor to a liquid

TERMINOLOGY for PHASE CHANGES Sublimation - when a substance changes directly from a solid to a vapor The best known example is "dry ice", solid CO2 Deposition-when a substance changes directly from a vapor to a solid (opposite of sublimation) Example-formation of frost Dynamic equilibrium - when a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid as one molecule leaves the liquid to become a vapor, another molecule leaves the vapor to become a liquid. An equal number of molecules will be found moving in both directions Equilibrium - When there is no net change in a system

PHASE DIAGRAMS A diagram showing the conditions at which substance exists as a solid, liquid, or vapor Shows the temperature and pressure required for the 3 states of matter to exist Conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases Draw the phase diagram for water

Changes in States (Physical Changes) Why do you think Bose-Einstein and plasma are not equally distanced from the other three states of matter? Ionization Plasma Disposition Recombination Vaporization (Evaporation/Boiling) Gas Condensation Melting Liquid Solid Freezing Sublimation All changes in state require a change in energy Bose-Einstein