By: Haley Campbell and Megan Gooch Chapter 13 Section 2 By: Haley Campbell and Megan Gooch

Americans migrate to the cities After the civil war, urban population grew from 10 million to more than 30 million Immigrants lacked money for farms and education for higher paying jobs Worked long hours with little pay in factories Urban areas offered more and better-paying jobs than rural areas

Cities Bright Lights, running water, modern plumbing Museums, libraries, theatres Population grew creating the need to build upward Skyscraper- tall, steel frame building First skyscraper- Chicago’s 10 story Home Insurance building built in 1885 Louis sullivan was the biggest contributor to the design of skyscrapers

City transportation At first most cities relied on the horsecar Beginning with San francisco in 1873 more than 20 cities installed cable cars IN 1887, frank j. sprague developed electric trolley cars Elevated railroad Subway system First boston then new york

High society Elaborate mansions Many servants Women usually didn’t work Men owned or managed large businesses Spent lots of money on social events

Middle Class Afford their own homes and better quality clothing Women usually only worked because they wanted to not because they had to At least one servant Enough money to buy a few luxuries

Working class Lived in single room tenements, or apartment buildings No servants Both husbands and wives had to work Sometimes had to rent space to a boarder for extra money Children had to work sometimes as well

urban poverty Unable to afford homes Slept on street Built shacks in back alleys

Crime Pickpockets, swindlers, and thieves thrived in the crowded cities From 1880-1900 the murder rate went from 25 per million people to more than 100 per million people Alcohol contributed to violent crimes

pollution Improper sewage disposal contaminated city drinking water Triggered epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera Even with flush toilets and sewer systems pollution was still a problem Horse manure left in the streets Smoke from chimneys Soot and ash from coal and wood fires

Machine politics Political machine- informal political group designed to keep power Came about because cities grew faster than their governments In exchange for votes party bosses, who ran the political machine, provided new city dwellers with jobs, housing, food, heat, and police protection

Graft and fraud Party bosses also controlled city’s finances Many became rich by fraud or graft- getting money through dishonest or questionable means

Tammany hall Tammany hall, the NYC democratic political machine, was the most infamous William “boss” tweed was its leader during the 1860s and 1870s Corruptness led to a prison sentence in 1874