Let’s make energy! O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + energy Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + energy Happens in the mitochondria Heterotrophs CO2 + H2O + energy (sunlight)  O2 + C6H12O6 Happens in the chloroplast Autotrophs

Games! http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_20/B L_20_dev_100.html

Cellular Respiration Chapter 7

TIME TO USE THAT SUGAR

BUT WAIT! Houston…we have a problem SUGAR = a great way to store energy ATP = energy that the cell can use

BUT FIRST! How much ATP do we need?! How much ATP do you think you use in a day? About 65 kg ATP per day! (143 pounds)

Let’s talk to Hank first. Because Hank is cool. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ

C-C-C-C-C-C Glucose ENERGY A type of sugar (CARBOHYDRATE) (C6H12O6) Energy is stored between the bonds of the C atoms C-C-C-C-C-C ENERGY

Cellular Respiration Process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds Happens in the mitochondria 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Besties 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  6O2 + C6H12O6 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  6O2 + C6H12O6

Writing to Win! State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements, and why. Organisms do not need oxygen to get energy from organic molecules It is unlikely that humans will ever run 1,600 m (~1 mile) in less than 2 minutes.

Cellular Respiration 3 steps! Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis AKA Anaerobic Respiration because it doesn’t require oxygen Occurs in the cytosol of cells Breakdown of glucose into two 3-C molecules called pyruvic acid Makes 2 ATP molecules 4 STEPS!! Ready…go!

Glycolysis Step 1: two phosphate molecules attach to a molecule of glucose, costing the cell 2 ATP

Glycolysis Step 2: six-carbon molecule is split into two 3-C molecules of G3P

Glycolysis Step 3: G3P molecules get a P attached

Glycolysis Step 4: phosphate groups from step 1 and step 3 are removed, making 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Phosphate is added to an ADP, making 4 ATP molecules

Glycolysis – how much ATP did we make?? Step 1 Step 4 We invested 2 ATP to add the Phosphate molecules to glucose We got 4 ATP by adding a P to some molecules of ADP

But…….. 2 ATP is not a lot of energy.

Anaerobic Respiration If oxygen is not present, the breakdown of pyruvic acid continues in the cytosol Fermentation – produces NAD+ without oxygen Lactic acid fermentation – pyruvic acid is made into lactic acid Happens in milk! = spoiling Used to make cheese and yogurt Muscle cells use up oxygen during exercise, making lactic acid build up. This buildup causes muscles to cramp or be sore Alcoholic fermentation – converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol (C-C-OH) What yeast cells do! Used in wine and beer production Makes bread dough rise

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION QUIZ Glycolysis is also known as what? (hint: doesn’t require oxygen) What is the 3-Carbon molecule made at the end of glycolysis? How many ATP do we net at the end of glycolysis? What compound do muscle cells convert pyruvic acid into without oxygen? What does “glycolysis” mean? (translate the word)

AEROBICS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7B2VMCHXpA

Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen!!! Process of pyruvic acid undergoing a bunch of reactions to make ATP Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Makes 20x the amount of ATP made in glycolysis! ** Why did glucose have to be broken down into pyruvic acid before it could go into the Krebs cycle?

Aerobic Respiration Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and reacts with coenzyme A to make acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) Pyruvic acid loses a C, which is used to make NADH

Krebs Cycle 5 steps… READY GO!

Krebs Cycle Step 1: acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid, making citric acid

Krebs Cycle Step 2: a CO2 molecule and a H atom break off of citric acid. This H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH. So we get an NADH and a 5-C compound

Krebs Cycle Step 3: a CO2 molecule and a H atom break off of the 5-C molecule. This H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH. An ATP is made from an ADP So, we get a 4-C molecule, another NADH, and an ATP

Krebs Cycle Step 4: the 4-C molecule releases a H atom, which is used to turn FAD into FADH2, a molecule similar to NAD+

Krebs Cycle Step 5: the 4-C compound releases another H atom and turns into oxaloacetic acid, which keeps the cycle going H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH

Krebs Cycle 4 ATP Each molecule of pyruvate from glycolysis goes through the Krebs cycle So…at the end…we get… 4 CO2 molecules 2 ATP molecules 6 NADH 2 FADH2

But…….. 4 ATP is still not a lot of energy.

WHOA Your body uses 1 million ATP molecules per second Times THAT by 1 trillion cells that are in your body… 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 ATP MOLECULES ARE USED IN YOUR BODY EACH SECOND

Aerobic Respiration Chapter 7

Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Electron Transport Chain Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in the cristae Cristae provide more surface area for the electron transport chain to happen. Allows more ATP to be made!!! 5 steps…ready GO!

Electron Transport Chain Step 1: NADH and FADH2 lose their electrons and H atoms

Electron Transport Chain Step 2: electrons from NADH are passed along the ETC, losing energy as they do so.

Electron Transport Chain Step 3: Energy lost from the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix, making a concentration gradient

Electron Transport Chain Step 4: the proton concentration gradient is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis Protons move through ATP synthase, lose energy, and the energy helps combine ADP and P

Electron Transport Chain Step 5: oxygen accepts protons and electrons that have traveled along the chain Combine to make WATER

Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP In a perfect world, we get…

38 ATP Overall… How many ATP do we get from one molecule of glucose? 2 from glycolysis 2 from the Krebs cycle 34 from the electron transport chain …………

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