Explain the process of transcription and translation Homework: Answer reading analysis questions EVOLUTION UNIT EXAM TOMORROW

Transcription and Translation DNA is used to create mRNA (A-U, G-C base pairing) Happens in the nucleus (why?) in eukaryotes Happens in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes (why?) Translation mRNA is used to make an amino acid chain (creates a protein) mRNA is read three letters at a time tRNA carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome Occurs on a ribosome (made of rRNA)

Miller and Urey Reading and Questions Read and annotate the text about a specific ‘early earth’ experiment Answer the questions that follow *this material will be on the exam*

Dichotomous Keys What does the prefix di mean? A dichotomous key gives the reader TWO choices to select from in a cascade of questions The goal is to take an unknown species, and identify it using the dichotomous keys

Dichotomous Keys Complete the worksheet Part 1: Analyze dichotomous keys and identify unknown organisms Part 2: Create your own dichotomous keys

Evolution Review- Big Topics Natural Selection Early Earth/Origin of Life Speciation/Isolation Antibiotic Resistance Phylogenetics/dichotomous keys

Natural Selection Organisms that posses advantageous traits will be able to survive better and reproduce more Overtime, those traits would become more common in a population Organisms that posses harmful traits will be less likely to survive and pass their traits on, meaning those traits will become less common in a population over time

Early Earth/Origin of Life 4.6 billion years ago earth formed No oxygen was present (anaerobic) Small, unicellular organisms (like bacteria) were the first living thing (3.8 billion years ago) Plants evolved before animals Miller and Urey’s experiment took H2O, N2, NH4, and CH4 and put into a glass tube They showed that the gases that were present in early earth could make organic compounds- things like amino acids and nucleotides– which we know are important for life

Geographical Isolation/Speciation 1. A species gets isolated from each other geographically into location A and location B 2. Location A is drastically different from location B, so different traits are favored by natural selection in each location 3. Random mutations in the species occur in both locations, but are selected for differently 4. Overtime, the species become more and more different due to different traits being advantageous in their different locations 5. After many many years, the species become so different they are no longer able to interbreed

Antibiotic Resistance As bacteria are exposed to antibiotics or antibacterial products it kills off the non-resistant bacteria Therefore, bacteria with a random mutation that allows it to be resistant to antibiotics is advantageous Each time you use those products, the bacteria that remain are the resistant ones This is causing major public health problems Caused by: agriculture use, misuse, overuse, antibacterial products

Evolution Exam Review Option 1: concept map with vocabulary from study guide Option 2: Concept cards Include vocab word and drawing on one side Definition, example, and significance on the other side Option 3: Answer analysis questions on study guide on a separate sheet of paper. Be DETAILED in your answers