Comparing Forms of Government Chapter 2

Political Economy Link between economic and political systems Belief that economic systems will create laws / institutions that protect the economic systems

Political Economy Political Democracy Aristocracy Monarchy Economic anarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy dictatorship Monarchy tyranny Economic Market economy Traditional economy Command economy

Origins and Evolution of Government City - State: Sumerians (Iraq 3000BC) Direct Democracy: Athens (Greece 5th Century BC) Representative Democracy (Rome 500 BC) Middle Ages: Feudalism to Nation-State Feudalism Absolute Monarchs v. Early Parliaments

Age of Revolutions Monarchs as despots 1215 Magna Carta King John (trial by jury, due process, life, liberty, property) 1628 Petition of Rights Charles I (unlawful detention; limited martial law) 1688 Bill of Rights: Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution (1688 England): constitutional monarchy; William and Mary (parliamentary elections, fair trial, freedom from excess bail, cruel and unusual punishment)

Age of Revolution American Revolution: constitutional democracy Den of terrorists French Revolution (1789): constitutional democracy to authoritarian regime; totalitarianism Russian Revolution (1917): ‘communism’ Theory v. Reality

Modern Totalitarianism Communism Joseph Stalin (1922-1953) USSR Communism party supreme power State control economy Suppression of opposition Hostility to religion, human rights

Modern Totalitarianism Fascism Benito Mussolini (1922 - 1943) Italy Dictator supreme power Every one serve the state (Hegel) Extreme nationalism Censorship and terror

Modern Totalitarianism Nazism Adolf Hitler (1933 - 1945) Germany Nazi party holds supreme power Racial superiority Territorial expansion Elimination of ‘inferior minorities’ Reject democracy / civil liberties

Forms of Government: Today Monarchy Rule by one Hereditary Ruler King Salman, Saudi Arabia (crowned January 23, 2015)

Forms of Government: Today Dictatorship Rule by one Military coup d’etat or coup Military overthrough of Pres. Robert Mugabe (37 years reign; replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa) zimbabwe

Forms of Government: Today Theocracy Rule of a few religious leaders Single state supported religion Vatican City (nation); Pope Iran; Islamic Republic Ayatollah Khomeini

Forms of Government: Today Single-Party State Constitution allows for one party Or people ‘move’ to dominate party - sycophancy Leading member of party control party and government elite

Forms of government Direct democracy Athens, Ancient Greece Ohlone Indians, California Switzerland Referendum on laws Initiative recall

Forms of Government: Today Parliamentary Democracy Prime Minister Ministers with portfolios Parliament ministers Votes of no confidence People elect parliament; parliament elects prime minister Great Britain; Canada

Forms of Government: Today Presidential Democracy People elect president (directly or indirectly) People elect legislature Responsive to people Legitimacy Checks and balances Difficult to remove president gridlock

Distribution of Power Unitary system Centralized Power in national government Japan Great Britain

Distribution of Power Federal System Federalism National and regional (state or province) share power Flexible Experiment with policy Address local needs

Distribution of Power Confederal system Confederation States have more power than central government (national government) Articles of confederation - first American Government South during the Civil War Supranational Organizations: European Union (EU)

Economic Systems Basic Questions all Economic Systems must answer What goods and services should be produced? How should these goods and services be produced? For Whom? How should the people share the goods and services?

Four Factors of Production How should the factors of production be used? Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship

Economic Systems: Traditional Decisions are made by custom (ancestors) - three basic questions Inuit of Alaska

Economic Systems: Market Economies Market economy; capitalism, free enterprise Interaction of supply and demand Invisible hand: individual decisions of producers and consumers

Economic systems: Command Economies Government decides three basic questions Socialism /Communism Central planners Problems: shortages

Economic Systems: Mixed Economies Blends reliance on market forces with government involvement in the market place Regulation Inspection USA: market to mixed economy PRC: Command to mixed economy