1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick

Response to the environment Figure 1.2 Order Regulation Reproduction Evolutionary adaptation Figure 1.2 Some properties of life Energy processing Response to the environment Growth and development

Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet This enormous range can be divided into different levels of biological organization

6 Organs and Organ Systems 2 Ecosystems Figure 1.3 7 Tissues 1 The Biosphere 6 Organs and Organ Systems 2 Ecosystems 10 Mole- cules 3 Communities 8 Cells 5 Organisms Figure 1.3 Exploring levels of biological organization 9 Organelles 4 Populations

Figure 1.3a Figure 1.3a Exploring levels of biological organization (part 1: the biosphere) The Biosphere

Figure 1.3b Figure 1.3b Exploring levels of biological organization (part 2: ecosystems) Ecosystems

Figure 1.3c Figure 1.3c Exploring levels of biological organization (part 3: communities) Communities

Figure 1.3d Figure 1.3d Exploring levels of biological organization (part 4: populations) Populations

Figure 1.3e Figure 1.3e Exploring levels of biological organization (part 5: organisms) Organisms

Organs and Organ Systems Figure 1.3f Figure 1.3f Exploring levels of biological organization (part 6: organs and organ systems) Organs and Organ Systems

Figure 1.3g Figure 1.3g Exploring levels of biological organization (part 7: tissues) Tissues 50 µm

Figure 1.3h Cell 10 µm Figure 1.3h Exploring levels of biological organization (part 8: cells) Cells

Organelles Chloroplast 1 µm Figure 1.3i Figure 1.3i Exploring levels of biological organization (part 9: organelles) 1 µm Organelles

Molecules Atoms Chlorophyll molecule Figure 1.3j Figure 1.3j Exploring levels of biological organization (part 10: molecules) Molecules

Emergent Properties Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system Emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as well For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study For example, studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance

To explore emergent properties, biologists complement reductionism with systems biology, analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system