Cardiovascular system and Lymphatic System: Review

  artery capillary vein Blood pressure Hi Low lowest Valves present or absent Absent Present Wall thickness 3 layer 1 cell function Take blood away from heart Exchange of O2/CO2, nutrients/waste Take blood to heart

Exchange at capillaries

What keeps blood moving in: Arteries Capillaries Veins Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump valves

Passage of blood through the heart

Internal Anatomy

Cardiac cycle semilunar valves close (“dup”) pulmonary vein superior vena cava valves pulmonary vein aorta right atrium ventricle a. b. atrio ventricular (AV) (“lub”) c. inferior left

Intrinsic and Extrinsic control of heart beat SA node AV node branches of atrioventricular bundle Purkinje fibers

Cardiovascular Pathways

Pairing of vessels and locations: Neck and head: carotid artery and jugular vein Shoulder and arm: subclavian artery and vein Heart: coronary arteries and cardiac veins/ aorta and pulmonary arteries / s. and i. vena cava and pulmonary veins Digestive tract: mesenteric artery and vein Kidney: renal artery and vein Liver: hepatic artery and hepatic vein / hepatic portal vein Hips: iliac artery and vein Legs: femoral artery and vein

Functions of blood Transport Defence Regulation H2O

Plasma Composition of blood: % by Volume plasma 55% cells, platelets 45% plasma 55% % by Volume Composition of blood: Plasma Water (91%) Hormones Gases Ions Vitamins Nutrients wastes Plasma proteins **

Red Blood Cells Carry O2 heme group a. Red blood cells b. Hemoglobin molecule a. Red blood cells

Red Blood Cells Carry CO2 + HCO3– bicarbonate ion H+ hydrogen H2CO3 carbonic acid H2O water CO2 carbon dixide

Type Function neutrophil 1st responders, phagocytotic rxn Basophil Allergic rxn response Eosinophil Parasitic worm infection Monocyte Phagocytotic lymphocyte B cell: antibodies against bacteria antigens T cells: cytotoxic T cells against viruses and cancer

Platelets… 4,400 X prothrombin activator prothrombin thrombin Ca2+ fibrin threads thrombin prothrombin activator prothrombin fibrinogen Ca2+ Platelets… 4,400 X

Type O blood. Red blood cells have neither type A nor type B surface antigens. Plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Type A B blood. Red blood cells have type A and type B surface antigens. Plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies. Type B blood. Red blood cells have type B surface antigens. Plasma has anti-A antibodies. Type A blood. Red blood cells have type A surface antigens. Plasma has anti-B antibodies. type A antigen type B antigen anti-A antibody anti-B antibody anti-A antibodies anti-B antibodies

Compatibility Type Antigen Antibody A B AB A and B none O both + b. Agglutination a. No agglutination type A blood of donor no binding anti-A antibody of type B recipient binding anti-B antibody of type A recipient Type Antigen Antibody A B AB A and B none O both

Rh Blood groups b. Mother forms anti-Rh antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal Rh-positive red blood cells. a. Fetal Rh-positive red blood cells leak across placenta into mother's blood stream. blood of mother anti-Rh antibody Rh-positive red blood cell of fetus Rh-negative red blood cell of mother

Lymphatic system Absorb excess tissue fluid Absorb fat in SI Tonsil: patches of lymphatic tissue Red bone marrow: site for the origin of all types of blood cells Thymus: lymphatic tissue where Tlymphocytes mature and learn to tell “self” from “nonself” Spleen: cleanses the blood tissue fluid lymphatic capillary tissue cell blood Absorb excess tissue fluid Absorb fat in SI Lymphocytes Body defence

Non-specific lines of defence 1. Immune barriers to entry: Skin Oil glands – secrete chemical to kill bacteria on skin Cilia – in upper respiratory tract Mucous – in upper respiratory tract Local area bacteria in intestine Acidic ph - in stomach acid – kills bacteria

Non-specific lines of defence Steps of inflammatory response: Damaged tissue cells release histamines-histamines cause capillaries to dilate which ⬆ blood flow which brings extra WBC to area ∴ skin red and warm ⬆temp can inhibit growth of some pathogens ⬆permeability allows proteins + fluids escape from capillaries into tissues ∴ swelling and pain Blood clotting begins arriving neutrophils (Phagocytotic WBC) squeeze thru capillary wall and enter tissue fluid and attack pathogens (if lots of neutrophils die off –they form yellowy substance called puss) usually neutrophils can control and keep infection from spreading - if neutrophils are overwhelmed they realease cytokines that ‘call’ reinforcements – cytokines attract other WBC’s to area including monocytes which turn into macrophages (and are longer living then neutrophils) that engulf pathogens –macrophages can enlist the further help of lymphocytes.

Non-specific lines of defence Natural killer cells – kill by cell to cell contact complement proteins also called =Protective proteins Complement kill foreign microbes by: causing them to burst and help other immune responses

B Cells, clonal expansion, and antibodies

T Cells, clonal expansion, and antigen presenting cells bacterium T cell T-cell receptor (TCR) Activation Clonal expansion Macrophage Memory Cytotoxic Apoptosis self antigen (MHCI) cytokines T Cells, clonal expansion, and antigen presenting cells

  B cell T cell Where produced Red bone marrow Where mature Thymus Type of mediated response Antibody cell Antigen recognition mechanism B cell receptor recognizes nonself Antigen presenting cells response Clonal expansion (when cytokines present) forms plasma cells to produce antibodies and memory B cells Clonal expansion into Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and memory T cells

Acquired Immunity Non-specific defences