Western Imperialism of China Chinese History After the Opium War including the death of Consort Zhen http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/opium-in-china Mankind, the story of us all opium in china, this link should work:) Opium Wars

Background Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Conservative Resistant to change Empress Dowager (Ci Xi) Resistant to change Feared Western influence Reestablished the Civil Service System Fostered corruption Different from past, needed to know about the Bible

The Importance of Tea China has the monopoly of sale of tea until 19th century Tea is the drink of the working class in Britain By 1760, tea was 40% of all imports to Britain Created trade deficit with China T F Without desire for tea, opium would not have been sent to China

Opium: The Back Story Well known through ancient times, used No need to take notes Well known through ancient times, used as a treatment for cholera Consumed by mixing it with food or drink Tobacco smoking – New World Ritual purposes Spread with sailors Tobacco smoking smoking of opium Grown all over the world

Opium: Produced in India India had been producing Opium in South E Asia British East India Company declares monopoly on opium Warehouses and production are standardized how to grow, weigh and costs… Just like other Industries British East India Company tells the people in India how to grow the opium, have it weighed and then get paid for it

What were the causes and results of the Opium war? (1839-42)

Opium War (1839-42) Factors leading to war West saw $ in trade w/ China 1700’s trade benefited China 1800’s European trade increases Britain realized it can sell opium from India to the Chinese (which was used for Chinese tea) Britain experiences a trade deficit

The Opium Trade 1820- late 1830s Silver and Cotton were traded for Tea, Silk, Porcelain Britain had trade deficit w China Smuggled opium into China 12 Million Addicted Commissioner Lin fights back Smuggled opium into China for non medical reasons

“I am told that in your own country opium smoking is forbidden under severe penalties. This means that you are aware of how harmful it is. . . . . So long as you do not take it yourselves, but continue to make it and tempt the people of China to buy it, you will be showing yourselves careful of your own lives, but careless of the lives of other people, indifferent in your greed for gain to the harm you do to others; such conduct is repugnant to human feeling and at variance with the Way of Heaven. . . . . On receiving this, Your Majesty will be so good as to report to me immediately on the steps that have been taken at each of your ports.” Commissioner Lin

Opium War (1839-42) Many Chinese become addicted to Opium 1836 China bans use of opium 1839 20,000 chests of opium destroyed Chinese ships clash w/ British (Opium War begins) Britain wins the Opium Wars - and is able to sell Opium and other goods within China

The Treaty of Nanjing – 1842 (Nanking) Treaty signed at Port of Canton Results of Opium Wars – The Treaty of Nanjing – 1842 (Nanking) Ends Opium War forces China to pay war costs! Britain obtains Hong Kong est. 5 treaty ports (14 by 1900) to trade with West Britain is most favored nation Britain won’t kow tow to emperor Extraterritoriality: British can live in China and follow their own laws! Treaty signed at Port of Canton Kow tow, to bow down to… it was customary for guests to show respect to the emperor by bowing down to the emperor, the West, with their ideas of superiority, would not show respect

Sign in a British Community Chinese are upset as the result of the peace treaty. Due to extra territoriality, the Westerners did not have to follow the same laws as the Chinese, and if they committed a crime, they could be tried in their home countries. How would you feel if you were Chinese and you saw these signs?

What domestic problems did China face in the 19th century? The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Led by Hong Xiuqan “Taiping Heavenly Kingdom” Appeal Promised social reforms Promised land and women the right to vote Peasants lost faith in government As a result, the Chinese wanted to reestablish Chinese nationalism Taiping means great peace. Promised social reforms like Chinese wealth would be shared and that there would be an end to poverty. British and French forces stopped the rebellion. As a result, the Chinese wanted to reestablish Chinese nationalism.

Taiping Rebellion (Civil War: 1850-64) Most devastating peasant revolt in history! goal — remove Qing Dynasty from power 20-30 mill dead Rebels: promoted end to bribery & immorality gained control over large areas of China

Taiping Rebellion (1850-73) Ultimately fails Gov sent warlords to stop it The warlords were bribed, allowing for Spheres of Influence to be carved out more to come on that

Reconstruction & Self-Strengthening (no notes necessary) Rebuilding period post-rebellion destruction of irrigation mulberry trees (silk) This was the basis of the Chinese economy Regional governors are established as a result of the rebellion Used army & local commanders est. soup kitchens lower taxes rebuild agriculture Kind of looks like feudalism Helps to build national pride Li Huang-chang

Reconstruction & Self-Strengthening Modernization process: Industry shipping communication refining textiles Military training & equipment compete w/Russia & Japan

Why didn’t the self-strengthening movement succeed in modernizing China? Result: Reform fails due to conservative resistance in govt. Neighbors industrialized much quicker (Japan) Empress Doweger Cixi

Open Door Policy (1899) U.S. response to Nanking European encroachment into China’s interior fears that China would be closed to trade The open door policy stated that all European nations, and the United States, could trade with China.

“Open Door” Policy 1899-1900 Allowed China to keep independence politically and culturally Led by US All Ports Open Created Spheres of Influence Allowed by corrupt warlords and the collapse of the Chinese government.

Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion (1900) Religious society rebel against foreigners fed up w/ missionaries lack of respect for Chinese culture destroying Chinese society defeated by foreign troops Result: Chinese leaders realize must reform The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property. From June to August, the Boxers besieged the foreign district of Beijing (then called Peking), China’s capital, until an international force that included American troops subdued the uprising. By the terms of the Boxer Protocol, which officially ended the rebellion in 1901, China agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations. Did You Know? America returned the money it received from China after the Boxer Rebellion, on the condition it be used to fund the creation of a university in Beijing. Other nations involved later remitted their shares of the Boxer indemnity as well. forts protecting Beijing were to be destroyed, Boxer and Chinese government officials involved in the uprising were to be punished, foreign legations were permitted to station troops in Beijing for their defense, China was prohibited from importing arms for two years and it agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations to the foreign nations involved. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912.

The Boxer Rebellion 1898-1900 No notes Focus was Christian Missionaries The “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” aka The Boxers 2 German Missionaries Killed led to increase in Christian Presence Stormed the Capital and Attacked: Christian Symbols- torched homes Christian Missionaries- 182 Protestants, 48 Catholics Christian Converts- 500 Protestants, 18,000 Catholics

The Boxer Rebellion Many Chinese resented the western influence in China which led to the Boxer Rebellion to, “drive out the foreign devils”. The Boxers attacked foreigners across China. As a result, the West and Japan organized a force to rescue foreigners in Beijing They were defeated by the European powers, the U.S. and Japan.

Collapse of “Old” China Rise of “New” China The Boxer Protocol China had to pay for the war (indemnity) Western powers stationed in Beijing Collapse of “Old” China Rise of “New” China Monies were returned as long as they went to building the university of Beijing.

Why did the people begin to turn on the Chinese government? Sun Yat-sen rise of Han Nationalism Partner with General Yuan Shikai Used Military takeover NO reforms had occured Ruled 1911-1916 1916-1928 Fragmentation, Warlords Rise of Nationalists and Communists Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat Sen’s Nationalist Movement Main goals: To make China a modern state. Create national unity in China Create a more democratic China Get foreign powers out of China

Effects China had to make concessions China reforms Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood take over as principles of the Chinese In 1911 a 2,000 year old monarch topples, and China has its first president (Sun Yixian)

Aim: How did the Chinese attempt to end foreign imperialism in their country? Do Now: Write a paragraph in your notes explaining the story of the three cartoons below in regards to imperialism in China?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo Imperialism Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1effb6kbCQ Crash Course Opium Wars same as the other, just about China, though

Activity: Read pages 805-809 and answer the following questions Why did the Chinese come to hate those who had conquered them? How did the Boxers propose to solve China’s problems? Did they succeed? Why did the Manchus hate and fear Sun Yat-sen? What were Sun Yat-sen’s goals for China? Did Sun Yat-sen live to see his goals accomplished? Explain.

Summary Question.