Invasive Species Threat                                                                                Northern hardwood forest ecosystems are threatened by invasive species                                                    From Michigan Technological University

Global Trade Introduction Global trade facilitates introduction of alien species into habitats free from natural predators From The Global Invasive Species Programme

Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis First discovered in North America in 1996 From Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat” From Bob Childs, University of Massachusetts Extension

Means of Introduction Transported to North America as eggs and larvae embedded in wooden shipping crates from China                             From The Bugwood Network

Countries of Origin Native to China, Japan and Korea Serious orchard and forest pest Native predators include Nematodes Woodpeckers Parasites

North American Host Species Primary host trees include species of Maple (Acer) Poplar (Populus) Willow (Salix) From Ohio State University

Sugar Maple Preference Asian longhorned beetles prefer sugar maple hosts because of the high sugar content of their sap From The University of Vermont

Egg Deposition Damage Oviposition site Sap oozing from egg niche From USDA Sap oozing from egg niche Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project

Damage to Bark and Cambium Female beetles chew pits in the bark of trees and deposit one egg per niche in the inner bark Each female beetle lays an average of 70 eggs during her lifetime

Larval Damage                                          From USDA From USDA From The Bugwood Network

Damage to Cambium, Phloem, Xylem, Heartwood As the beetle larvae grow, they pass through a series of instars or developmental stages Young larvae feed on the cambium and damage the phloem or nutrient-conducting vessels of the tree Older larvae feed on the sapwood and damage the xylem or water-conducting vessels of the tree Mature larvae create burrowing galleries in the heartwood that structurally damage the tree

Adult Beetle Damage                            Exit holes                                                                                  Feeding damage                                          From The Bugwood Network

Damage to Leaves, Petioles, Shoots, Bark After pupating in the heartwood, adult beetles bore tunnels through the tree and emerge from exit holes in the bark Heavy beetle infestations kill trees

Difficult to Control The majority of the beetle’s life is protected within its host tree                                          Overwinter as egg, larva or pupa Feed and reproduce during the summer From The Bugwood Network

Sugar Maples Dominate Northern Hardwood Forests From Photo Net: Leping Zha

Threat to American Beech                                                     Healthy Damage from scale insects                       and fungi From the University of South Florida From USDA Forest Service                                       

Threat to Eastern Hemlock Damage Healthy from woolly adelgid From Kingston Field Naturalists From Global Invasive Species Database

Annual Costs Economic losses and control of invasive species cost the United States $138 billion annually From USDA Forest Service

Invasive Species Eradication                                         Inspection Tree removal Adult trapping From USDA APHIS From The Bugwood Network

From USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

References Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat: The Asian Longhorned Beetle in Greater Toronto", Toronto Urban Forestry Services, September 2004, http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/19260000/MTSmith/400_Trees.pdf.   Houston, David R. and James T. O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75: Beech Bark Disease, April 1998, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/beechbark/fidl-beech.htm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle, August 2008, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/palerts/alb/alb_pa.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: A Snapshot of the Northeastern Forests, October 2005, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/snap_shot/ss.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Asian Longhorned Beetle, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/alb/index.shtm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Last updated 15 August 2008, http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Profile: Tsuga Canadensis, http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TSCA. University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service, USDA APHIS PPQ, Invasive and Exotic Species: Asian long-horned beetle, Last updated 25 August 2008, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=2178. University of Vermont, Entomology Research Laboratory, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Last updated September 2008, http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/. Virginia Tech, Department of Forestry, American beech, http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=47. Zilahi-Balogh, Gabriella, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Invasive Species Database: Adelges tsugae, Last updated 9 February 2007, http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=230&fr=1&sts.