Pan-African Movements African Nationalism Pan-African Movements

Pan-Africanism Started in the 1920’s Wanted unity for all Africans Wanted unity of all people in the world of African descent

Pan-Africanism By the beginning of World War One only Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic control. Few African countries obtained independence until after World War Two. Many Africans fought in WWII. Africans resented being treated like 2nd class citizens. Africans moved to cities and began to become exposed to nationalistic movements. Africans wanted their own self-determination.

Ghana Known as the Gold Coast Was a British Colony

Kwame Nkrumah Leader was Kwame Nkrumah who was educated in America and inspired by Gandhi. Nkrumah used non violent protest such as boycotts and strikes to drive the British out. In 1957 Britain gave Ghana it’s independence.

Kwame Nkrumah Nkrumah becomes prime Minister and renames the Gold Coast to Ghana. The name linked the new nation to it’s African past. In 1963 Nkrumah creates the Organization of African Unity (OAU) This organization promotes African unity and self- determination across Africa.

Kenya Leader for independence was Jomo Kenyatta. Came from the Kibuyu nation which had been driven off their land. Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence to scare the British off their lands Kenyatta was jailed by the British for not denouncing the Mau Mau Rebellion. In 1963 Kenya gained it’s independence and Kenyatta was freed and became Prime Minister.

Algeria A French colony that had a million European settlers. In the 1950’s a strong Muslim national movement began. Fighting between the French and Algerian nationalist lasted from 1954 to 1962. (This was France’s Vietnam) Public opinion in France was that Algeria should be free and in 1962 Algeria became a free nation.

Problems with Independence During imperialism European nations set up export type economies. Economies depended on the export of raw materials. Cash Crops Raw materials

Problems with Independence Many African nations still relied on these export goods. Problem When no demand/prices fall/countries become poor.

Problems with Independence African nations relied on buying manufactured goods and had no industrial base.

Problems with Independence African nations have to import manufactured goods and incurred a large debt.

Tribalism and Nationalism African boundaries had been set by imperialistic nations not African nations Berlin Conference 1885.

Tribalism and Nationalism Many tribes and nations were split by these European boundaries. Because of these splits there is more loyalty to one’s tribe then the country they live in.

Nigeria In Nigeria this tribalism lead to a civil war. More than 200 ethnic groups live within Nigeria. During independence many of these tribes fought for control of the country.

Nigeria The two main groups fighting for control were the Muslim Hausa and Fulani people of the north Vs. Christian Ibo and Yoruba of the south In 1966 20,000 Ibo were massacred by the Hausa controlled government. In a several year period about 1 million people had been killed or starved to death. Military leaders took control in the 70’s and 80’s In 1999 Nigeria elected a civilian government.

Obstacles to Progress in Africa Population and Poverty Population explosion Widespread hunger

Obstacles to Progress in Africa Political Problems Power hungry and greedy leaders Military takeovers Harsh dictators Ethnic and regional conflict.

Obstacles to Progress in Africa Economic Dependence Need for foreign aid Need for imported goods High debt

Obstacles to Progress in Africa Land and Climate Too much or too little rain Poor soil Tropical diseases Desert climate

Obstacles to Progress in Africa Economic Policies Failed socialist economy Cash crops instead of food crops Lack of funding for rural areas.

Africa’s Future Africa shows great potential Many African nations have moved from a socialist economy to a mixed economy Mining for resources such a gold and diamonds Countries have built factories to process both manufactured and agricultural goods. Improvements in transportation and communications.

South Africa End to Apartheid

Apartheid Apartheid was a policy created by the white South African government in 1948, stated that the races (black and white) had to be separated.

Apartheid The laws Black Africans and other non-whites had to live in certain zones of the country. There were separate trains, beaches, schools, restrooms and other areas for whites and non-whites. Interracial marriages were banned.

Apartheid Apartheid was similar to Jim Crow Laws of segregation in the United States.

Apartheid Reasons for Apartheid The government wanted to maintain control of both the government and economy. Non-whites were not allowed to run for office or vote.

South Africa For 350 years South Africa had been ruled by either the Dutch or the British. In 1910 Britain gave South Africa it’s independence. At that time the whites held all the political and economic power in South Africa.

South Africa In 1912 the African National Congress (ANC) a black political party was formed. The ANC was outlawed by the all white government. The ANC stood out against apartheid.

South Africa The ANC used boycotts and nonviolent protest against the policies of South Africa. The ANC tried to use legal means to bring about change, without success.

Nelson Mandela Mandela became one of the leaders of the ANC. In 1960 during a peaceful protest and the protestors were fired on and 60 were killed. This was known as the Sharpeville Massacres. Mandela then formed the “Spear of the Nation” movement. A violent movement against the South African government The movement an underground military group that campaigned against apartheid.

Nelson Mandela In 1964 Mandela was sentenced to life in prison when the ANC was banned and it’s leaders imprisoned. Mandela became a symbol of freedom. In 1990 Mandela was finally released from prison In 1994 Mandela was elected President of South Africa.

South Africa Another leader who played a role in ending apartheid in South Africa were Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Tutu along with other leaders were able to convince foreign nations to limit trade with South Africa. The United Nations placed an arms embargo on South Africa. The Olympic Committee banned athletes from participation International businesses left South Africa Musicians refused to play in Sun City and did benefit concerts for the blacks in South Africa.

Changes The nonviolent protest began to have an effect on the economy of South Africa. In 1989 F.W. de Klerk was elected President of South Africa and determined that reform was long past due. de Klerk legalized the ANC Released Mandela Created a new constitution ending segregation laws Opened up free elections in 1994

South Africa In 1993 both Mandela and de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1994 Mandela was elected President while de Klerk was elected Deputy.

South Africa Today there are still tensions in South Africa not only between blacks and whites but other ethnic groups.

South Africa In your small groups you must read the civil protest assignment and answer the questions that go along with the scenarios-First answer the question on your own and then discuss with the group You need to be honest and realistic with your answers. It is safe to say that you would do or not do something in the safety of a classroom but you must take yourself out of the context of the classroom and into the world around you On a piece of poster paper write out the answer that your group has come up with for each question Finally you will pick one person to be a group spokesperson as to what your group would do with each question/scenario

Truth and Reconciliation Commission The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid. Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard Those who committed violence could also give testimony and request amnesty (freedom) from prosecution. The TRC was a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South Africa was generally regarded as very successful.