Chapter 1 Section 1 Part II Standard 10.1

Founder of Democracy in Athens Cleisthenes (KLYS-Thuh neez) Review Founder of Democracy in Athens Cleisthenes (KLYS-Thuh neez) Council of 500 Citizens debate and make law

The Persian Wars In 500 B.C. Athens was the wealthiest City-State Persia had a large empire and wanted to take over more land

The Persian Wars The Persian King, Darius, tries to force Athens to pay him The Greek City-States, Sparta and Athens, refuse.

The Persian War The Spartans and Athenians unite against Persia in the Battle of Marathon. Greeks=Blue Persians=Red Greeks outsmart the Persians and wins!

Athens in the Age of Pericles After the war with Persia, Athens became the most powerful city-state in Greece. Athens began to dominate other city-states Athens slowly created an empire

Athens in the Age of Pericles Pericles led Athens at the time. Due to his wisdom and leadership, 460-429 B.V. is called the Age of Pericles

Athens in the Age of Pericles Political Life: Athens had direct democracy A large number of citizens took part in day-to-day affairs. At least 6,000 members of the assembly had to be present to decide important issues. Pericles believe all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social status, should take part in government The began to pay a fixed salary to men in public office-enabling poor men to serve in government. Citizens also served on the Jury Jury is a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial.

Athens in the Age of Pericles The Funeral Oration After a funeral for Athenians slain in battle, Pericles gave a civic speech: He pointed out that the power was in the hands of the people He stressed the duties of the individual He stated Athenians had a special responsibility because they were an example for the rest of the Greek City-States

Athens in the Age of Pericles Economic and Cultural Life They had a lot of wealth They rebuilt acropolis that were destroyed in war This projects created jobs for artisans and workers They honored their gods with temples and festivals Some Greek thinkers began to believe that the universe was regulated by natural laws, not at the will of the gods. Pericles surrounded himself by these thinkers and transformed Athens into a cultural center of Greece

Athens in the Age of Pericles The Peloponnesian War Pericles’ Funeral Oration honored Athenians killed in 431 B.C., the first year of the Peloponnesian War. Power struggle between Athens and Sparta. Spartans wanted to end Athens supremacy The war dragged on for 27 years In 404 B.C. Spartans captured Athens. Democratic government suffered Corruption and selfish interests replaced older ideals

Assignment #2 What progress did the Greeks under Pericles make toward democratic government? (Standard: 10.1.1)

Greek Philosophers Greeks had confidence in the power of the human mind Those who thought events were caused by something else other than the whims of gods were considered philosophers. PHILOSOPHERS= lovers of wisdom They searched for the principles that governed the universe

Greek Philosophers Moral and Ethical Principles Some philosophers focused on ethics and morality. Ethics and morality concern the idea of goodness and the establishment of standards of human behavior (for example: how people should dress in public, what is the best form of gov’t etc.) In Athens, the Sophists questioned moral and ethical truths-they saw them as opinions not principles They taught persuasive speaking Persuasive speeches were used to persuade others and advance their careers

Greek Philosophers Socrates and Citizenship He was an opponent to Sophists He was a stonemason and philosopher He asked questions such as, “What is the greatest good?” Using the Socratic method, he asked a series of questions to his students and challenged them to examine the implications of their answers.

Greek Philosophers All of his questioning threatened Athenian traditions When he was 70 they put him on trial He was accused of corrupting the city’s youth and failing to respect the gods. He was found guilty and sentenced to death He refused to run away as he felt that the duties of an individual include submitting to the laws of the state.

Greek Philosophers Plato and Reason: After Socrates was killed he felt distrust about democracy He left Athens for 10 years but when he came back he set up a school called, Academy He taught what he believed: that reason, not the experience of the senses, led to knowledge

Greek Philosophers The Republic: Plato described his ideal of an ideal state He rejected democracy Wanted the state to regulate every aspect of its citizens’ lives in order to provide for their best interests. Believed all man created equal at birth but can rise only as high as your abilities Divided his society into 3 classes: workers to produce the necessities of life, soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule.

Greek Philosophers Aristotle and the Rule of Law A student of Plato Preferred government by the many not the few Suspicious of democracy Believed in a constitutional government ruled by members of the middle class He felt city-state represented the best and most natural form of human community

Greek Philosophers Aristotle said the key to a successful city-state is the “rule of the law” This meant that everyone must answer to the law He despised tyranny where a ruler was above the law He believed in a “golden mean,” meaning a moderate course between extremes Saw reason as the guiding force of learning

Assignment #3 Create a chart like shown below Assignment #3 Create a chart like shown below. List important things about each philosopher. Be sure to comment on how each philosopher felt about democracy. Socrates Plato Aristotle - Socrates believed

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age After Plato died Aristotle moved back to where he was born, Macedonia There he tutored the Macedonian king’’s 13 year old son, Alexander. The King was Philip II, he admired Greek culture

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age King Philip wanted to conquer Greece. He did so in 338 B.C. He wanted to conquer Persia but was assassinated before he could

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Conquest of Persia Alexander became king after his father was murdered At 20 years old he wanted to conquer Persia He created an army of Greeks and Macedonians in 334 BC He used brilliant war tactics By 327 B.C. he conquered the Persian Empire!

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Persian Empire before King Alexander King Alexander’s Empire

This is why they call him, Alexander the Great

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age The Legacy of Alexander Alexander died 4 years later and his kingdom crumbled His rule led to changes There were many more cities founded Local people absorbed Greek ideals Blending of Eastern and Western culture A new culture emerged: Hellenistic civilizations flourished for centuries

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Hellenistic world Some democracies survived Most part powerful individuals or groups ruled Governors managed the cities Kings had ultimate control Earlier Greek codes of behavior didn’t seem relevant

Alexander and the Hellenistic Age New schools of philosophy Most famous: Stoicism Urged to avoid desires and disappointment by calmly accepting whatever life brought High moral standards Belief in dignity and equality of all (preached women and slaves might be unequal in society but equal morally) Rome emerged as a powerful state in 133 B.C. Replaced Greece as dominant power in Mediterranean world Greek ideas about law, freedom, justice, and government still prevalent today