2 Review What is bionomial nomenclature Explain What is a genus 1 Review Identify two goals of systematics Explain Why do the common names of organisms like daisy or mountain lion often cause problems for scientists Infer What characteristics could systematists use to put organisms in a group 2 Review What is bionomial nomenclature Explain What is a genus 3 Unity and Diversity Which category has more biological meaning: all brown birds or all birds descended from a hawklike ancestor- why

18.1 Finding Order in Diversity Ch 18 Classification 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity

Assigning Scientific Names Biologists can be sure that they are discussing the same organism Common names can be confusing because they vary among languages and from place to place Cougar, puma, panther, and mountain lion are all the same animal Felis Concolor.

Early scientific names often used long phrases to describe species in great detail “Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their edges” Difficult to standardize names because different scientists focused on different characteristics.

Binomial Nomenclature Two-word naming system Developed by Carolus Linnaeus Usually in Latin, first part is capitalized and second part is lowercase Genus species.

Polar Bear Ursus maritimus Other member of the bear family share Ursus maritimus is unique to polar bears Second part of the name is descriptive.

Grey Wolf Wilk (Canis lupus) jest największym przedstawicielem rodziny psowatych, osiąga długość do ok. 200 cm, ciężar 12-80 kg. Samce zazwyczaj są większe od samic o ok. 20%. Wilk jest przodkiem psa domowego. Spośród zmysłów najlepiej rozwinięte ma słuch i węch. Wzrok służy temu drapieżnikowi przede wszystkim do lokalizowania poruszających się obiektów. Jest niezwykle sprawny. Wilk to zwierzę szybkie, wytrwałe, mające doskonałą technikę polowania 圈養新生灰狼(Canis lupus)成長紀實 — 行為發展.

Systematics Taxa Science of naming and grouping organisms Larger groups of species that have biological meaning.

Linnaean Classification System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species.

But which similarities and differences are the most important?

1 Apply Concepts To an evolutionary taxonomist, what determines whether two species are in the same genius 2 Explain What is a derived character 3 Review How do taxonomist use the DNA sequences of species to determine how closely two species are related Relate Cause and Effect Explain why the classification of American vultures has changed

18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification Ch 18 Classification 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

Evolutionary Classification Phylogenetic systematics Group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent Not overall similarities and differences Phylogeny Study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another.

Clade Monophyletic group Cladogram Group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor Monophyletic group Must only include all species that are descended from a common ancestor Cladogram Links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

Building Cladograms Node Represents the last point the new lineages shared a common ancestor Speciation event.

Cladogram’s branching patterns indicate degrees of relatedness among organism.

Lineages 3 and 4 share a common ancestor more recently with each other than they do with lineage 2 Lineages 3 and 4 are more closely related to each other than they are with lineage 2.

This represents current hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among vertebrates.

Derived Character Trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor and was passed along to its descendants.

Four limbs is a derived character for the clade tetrapoda Hair is a derived character for the clade Mammalia.

Reading Cladograms Simplified phylogeny of the cat family.

Lowest node represents the last common ancestor of all four-limbed animals.

Forks show the order in which various groups branched off over the course of evolution.

Trait of four limbs, for example, appeared before the trait of hair in the history of the cat’s lineage.

Some clades match up with traditional taxonomic groups Mammalia Some don’t Reptilia.

Two clades do include the birds Clade Aves and clade Reptilia Birds are reptiles.

DNA in Classification The more derived genetic characters two species share More recently they shared a common ancestor More closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

Interpret Tables Which domains have unbranched lipids in their cell membranes Interpret Tables Which domain has just one type of RNA polymerase Analyze Data On the basis of this table, how are archaea different from bacteria

18.3 Building the Tree of Life Ch 18 Classification 18.3 Building the Tree of Life

Six-Kingdom System of Classification Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia.

Number of kingdoms has changed and varies depending on source Started off as plant or animal.

Five kingdoms was very common Broke bacteria up into two kingdoms.

Domain Larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom Three Domains Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eukarya (all eukaryotes.

The Tree of All Life Shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa.

Domain Bacteria Eubacteria Thick, rigid walls containing peptidogylcan Very, very diverse.

Domain Archaea Archaebacteria Live in some extreme environments Lack peptidoglycan Cell membranes contain unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism.

Domain Eukarya Have nucleus Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Protista The remaining eukaryotes Unicellular or multicellular Microscopic or much larger (10 m) Producer, consumer, or decomposer Algae, protozoa, slime molds.

Fungi Develop directly from spores Many are decomposers Multicellular with chitin cell wall (except yeast) Either sexual or asexual reproduction Mainly haploid.

Plantae Develop from embryo that lacks blastula Cell wall of cellulose Chloroplast Stores starch Mostly sexual reproduction.

Animalia Develop from embryo WITH blastula stage Heterotrophic Multicellular Microscopic to huge Many have nervous system Mostly sexual reproduction.

Use the data on the chart on Page 439 Interpret Tables Which kingdoms has cells that lack cell walls Interpret Tables Which domain contains multicellular organisms Compare and Contrast On the basis of information in the table, how are the members of domain Archaea similar to Bacteria? How are Archaea similar to Eukarya