Semester 1 Final Exam Review US History
Industrialization- Causes Natural Resources Timber, iron, copper, coal, oil Large Workforce Immigration Larger Families
Industrialization- Causes New Inventions/Technology Faster, cheaper, easier Free Enterprise “Laissez-faire” policies: hands-off economic policies Few restrictions and interference from government
Industrialization- Unions Want to improve: Working Conditions- dangerous, dirty Wages- Most people don’t make enough to live on Job Security- people can be easily replaced Tensions between workers and employers Methods for improvement Strikes Protests Government Reform
The Gilded Age- Positives Gilded- cheaper metal covered in gold Individualism- advancement through hard work Industrial Growth- goods, jobs, and economic growth New Technologies- help make life easier
The Gilded Age- Positives Urban Growth- people move to cities Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest Political Machines- help immigrants find jobs, housing, etc.
The Gilded Age- Negatives Uneven distribution of wealth wealthy upper class poor working class Industrial Growth unregulated industries exploited natural resources caused pollution Nativism Opposition to immigrants in the U.S.
The Gilded Age- Negatives Urban Poverty Crowded housing Poor sanitation Low wages Social Darwinism Monopolies Poverty Leaves behind weak Political Machines Government corruption Voting fraud Bribes
Segregation- Problems Segregation- the separation of particular groups based on race, ethnicity, religion, etc. Voting Restrictions Poll taxes- paying a fee in order to vote Literacy tests- designed to keep African Americans from voting Jim Crow Laws- legal, racial segregation to restrict freedoms of African Americans Railroad Cars, Waiting Rooms Restrooms, Drinking Fountains
Segregation- Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling Equal political rights under the law, NOT equal social rights “Separate but equal”
Imperialism- Causes Expanding Trade Military Bases Over-production, under-consumption Needed new overseas markets Military Bases Protect U.S. interests
Imperialism- Causes Superiority European Competition Anglo-Saxonism Superior character, ideas, and systems of government European Competition Maintain control of the Western Hemisphere “Survive” as a world power
Imperialism- The Spanish-American War Causes Effects Cuban Rebellion U.S. investment in Cuba, sugar Yellow Journalism U.S.S. Maine Americans identify with Cuban fight for freedom U.S. wants to protect business investments Manipulates and influences public opinions Americans outraged; call for U.S. declaration of war
Imperialism v. Anti-Imperialism Imperialists Anti-Imperialists More markets for American goods Business opportunities Natural resources Military bases Help “less civilized” people “Free oppressed people” Cost of empire > economic benefits Unemployment Imperialism violates American principles Don’t have to own a country to trade with them
Imperialism- Big Stick Diplomacy Strong military presence=peace “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Intimidate other nations
Imperialism- Open Door Policy All countries are allowed to trade with China Countries not allowed to interfere in the businesses of other countries
Progressive Era- Problems and Reforms Big Businesses unregulated Laws passed Government Corruption Initiative, Referendum, Recall Poor Working Conditions/Wages Laws passed for better conditions, wages, hours, etc. Gender Inequality 19th Amendment- Women’s Suffrage (right to vote) New roles for women at home and in society
Progressive Era- Problems and Reforms Food/Consumer Products unfit for consumption Food and Drug Administration Child Labor Keating-Owen Act Alcohol Abuse/Violence Temperance- Prohibition of Alcohol 18th Amendment Segregation and Discrimination Civil Rights awareness Exploitation/Over-consumption of natural resources Conservation National Parks