Athens Sparta Glorified the individual & extended political rights Military virtues & discipline

Sparta: A Warrior Society Dorian invaders settled & developed city-state or Sparta Turned conquered people into slaves (helots) Brutal & strict control Peloponnesus

Sparta Government Two Kings and a council of elders that acted as advisers to them. Assembly of citizens (males native born Spartans over the age of 30) approved major decisions. Five ephors, or officials ran the daily affairs.

Sparta Male Daily Life Newborn children examined If sickly, abandoned to die Wanted future soldiers Boys started training at 7 (Lifetime in military) Moved to barracks Diet, hard exercise, and harsh discipline created strong soldiers At 20, men could marry but still had to live in the barracks until 30, & eat there until they were 40.

Expected to produce strong warriors Spartan women Expected to produce strong warriors Required to exercise and strengthen their bodies They had to obey their husbands and fathers. But, could inherit property Ran family estates when men were at war Spartan Life They did not trade and forbade travel. They believed there was no need for wealth. Little use for arts or new ideas “Spartans are willing to die for their city, because they have no reason to live.”

Athens

Tyrants: People who gain power by force Athenian governments were led by a series of tyrants Imposed reforms Gained support from merchants and poor Council of 500 Legislature, a law making body that debated laws before approving or rejecting them. Comprised of male citizens Democracy Only citizens could participate and only landowning men were considered citizens Women, merchants, and slaves were not allowed 507 bc Cleisthenes Limited democracy

Athenian Women and Education Women played significant role in religion Most managed households & stayed secluded Poor women worked outside of home Girls did not attend school, boys did if their families could afford it. Reading, writing, poetry, public speaking, and music were all important subjects. Athens encouraged men to explore many areas of knowledge

Hera: Queen of gods & goddesses Forces for Unity Greeks were polytheistic Gods lived on Mount Olympus Zeus was the God of Sky and the most powerful of all the gods. Hera: Queen of gods & goddesses Wife & sister of Zeus

Zeus’ children Ares: God of war Aphrodite: goddess of love Athena: goddess of wisdom

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Forces for Unity Greek city-states Independent rivals BUT same language, heroes, festivals, & gods Barbaroi- a term the Greeks used to describe people who did not speak Greek Greeks felt superior to everyone else.

Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World Persian Wars 499-479bc The Persian Wars Battle at Marathon The Persians had a much larger army than Athens. However, the Greeks were able to beat the Persians. After the death of the Persian leader Darius I, his son Xerxes, sent a larger Persian army to attack the Greeks. Battle at Thermopylae Sparta and Athens joined together. King Leonidas led the Spartan army but the Persians defeated them and continued marching until they reached and burned Athens, the Athenians had already left the city though.

Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World The Persian Wars Greeks won Brief moment of unity Increased their own sense of uniqueness Athens emerged as most powerful city-state

Delian League Athens began creating alliances with other city-states. Alliances are formal agreements between two or more nations to come to each others defense.

Age of Pericles and Direct Democracy Athenian Golden Age (460-429bc) Pericles led a direct democracy where citizens took part in all parts of the government. All men were able to participate in the government and receive a stipend, or salary for doing so. Culture Thrives Parthenon-temple to Athena was built on the Acropolis. Athens became cultural center of Greece

Peloponnesian War 431-404bc Peloponnesian League Sparta v Athens fought for 27 years Sparta allies with Persia & wins Athens, no longer dominated the Greek world But remained cultural center

Section 4: The Glory That Was Greece Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom Socrates Athenian stonemason and philosopher. Socratic method Lead people to self-knowledge Condemned to death when 70 years old “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Workers, soldiers, & philosophers Plato Socrates student Set up the Academy, a school where he taught and wrote about rational thought Distrusted democracy Most famous book was The Republic Described ideal state lead by philosopher-king Ideal state: Workers, soldiers, & philosophers

Aristotle Plato’s most famous student set up a school, the Lyceum Golden Mean- good conduct and a middle ground between the extremes.

Greek Architecture Plato: every object on Earth has an ideal form Parthenon

Greek Literature Classical style Began with Homer Drama Tragedies Inspired later writers Drama Tragedies Comedy

Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Alexander was 20, when he took over for his assassinated father Phillip II. Alexander wanted to conquer the Persian empire. The emperor, Darius III was weak and there were rebellions often. For 11 years, Alexander marched east conquering cities never losing a battle. ,After being gone for so long, his troops wanted to turn back, he died at 32 from a fever before ever making it back home.

The Legacy of Alexander Even after his death, his legacy was the Greek culture that reached all parts of his empire. Many cities were named after him, with many temples and statues as citizens assimilated or absorbed Greek ideas. The Hellenistic civilization is a mixture of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture. Alexandria, Egypt was a cultural captial with museums, a zoo, a library and more focusing on knowledge. Women were learning to read and write, be philosophers and even reign with power, Queen Cleopatra VII is one example.

Hellenistic Arts and Sciences Pythagoras: A formula to calculate the relationship of the sides of a right triangle. Astronomers had many ideas and discussions about the Earth’s location, axis, size, and shape. Archimedes: Used physics to make inventions and he mastered the lever and pulley. Hippocrates: A physician that studied illnesses and worked to find cures. The Hippocratic oath that doctors take today, is similar to one that he swore to.