OPENNESS: HOW INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS CAN TRANSFORM PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS O.E.C.D.Paris November 29, 2010 ELLIOT E. MAXWELL

Never Shared Proprietary Software Open Source World Wide Web ClosedOpen Wikipedia

…openness is not binary ; information or processes are not open or closed. They sit on a broad continuum stretching from closed to open, based on their accessibility and responsiveness … …if information is not available or available only under restrictive conditions it is less accessible and therefore less open …if information can be modified, repurposed, and redistributed freely it is more responsive, and therefore more open Openness is facilitated by IT but not dependent on IT A Few Thoughts On Openness

Greater openness is not always the best solution Privacy, security, protecting the rights of creators, fostering competition, are among values that might limit openness. We may, for example, want electronic health records to be open to all those treating us, but not open to employers, insurers, or the government Privacy, security, protecting the rights of creators, fostering competition, are among values that might limit openness. We may, for example, want electronic health records to be open to all those treating us, but not open to employers, insurers, or the government Purpose and context are critical to determine the appropriate degree of openness Purpose and context are critical to determine the appropriate degree of openness As more information becomes accessible, how will we find the right informationverifiable, reliable, appropriate etc.? As more information becomes accessible, how will we find the right informationverifiable, reliable, appropriate etc.?

Openness and Value Creation I The traditional theory of Intellectual Property sees control as central to value creation and, therefore, innovation. It focuses on the first creator rather than follow-on innovators The traditional theory of Intellectual Property sees control as central to value creation and, therefore, innovation. It focuses on the first creator rather than follow-on innovators Providing control to the creator (or the rights holder) allows the innovation to be monetized through licensing etc. Providing control to the creator (or the rights holder) allows the innovation to be monetized through licensing etc. The greater the control (longer terms, higher penalties for infringement) the greater the theoretical incentive for innovation by first creators. But incentives for follow-on innovators are reduced. If more freedom is provided to follow-on innovators the reverse is true The greater the control (longer terms, higher penalties for infringement) the greater the theoretical incentive for innovation by first creators. But incentives for follow-on innovators are reduced. If more freedom is provided to follow-on innovators the reverse is true Access control e.g. DRM is costly and never perfect Access control e.g. DRM is costly and never perfect Follow-on innovators outnumber first creators Follow-on innovators outnumber first creators

Openness and Value Creation II Creating value from sharing as in open source software offers a mirror image to the traditional view of IP and control Creating value from sharing as in open source software offers a mirror image to the traditional view of IP and control The wider the sharing, the greater the openness, the more potential value from follow-on innovators. But there may also be more contributions of little or no value. Will someone evaluate these contributions and, if so, who? The wider the sharing, the greater the openness, the more potential value from follow-on innovators. But there may also be more contributions of little or no value. Will someone evaluate these contributions and, if so, who? Modifying, copying, and distributing are cheap Modifying, copying, and distributing are cheap With enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow, but which eyeballs will discover the bugs?With enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow, but which eyeballs will discover the bugs?

Products of Increased Openness Wikipedia Wikipedia Public Library of Science (PLoS) Public Library of Science (PLoS) YouTube and user-generated content of all kinds YouTube and user-generated content of all kinds Collaborative filtering Collaborative filtering Mash-ups and Remixes Mash-ups and Remixes Craigslist Craigslist Open innovation e.g. P&GFrom not invented here toproudly discovered elsewhere (Is this just outsourcing R&D? Who gets the value?) Open innovation e.g. P&GFrom not invented here toproudly discovered elsewhere (Is this just outsourcing R&D? Who gets the value?) Tinkering and other user-led innovation Tinkering and other user-led innovation Clinicaltrials.gov and the Journal of Failed Clinical Trials Clinicaltrials.gov and the Journal of Failed Clinical Trials

Open Educational Resources Open Educational Resources OER exemplifies the potential of greater openness but many issues remain OER exemplifies the potential of greater openness but many issues remain Supply side focus Supply side focus Evaluation of materials Evaluation of materials Comparative effectiveness Comparative effectiveness Incentives for participation and use Incentives for participation and use Intellectual property rules and licenses Intellectual property rules and licenses Interoperability Interoperability Learning how to collaborate Learning how to collaborate

Openness in Teaching and Learning Digital materials offer new opportunities, particularly for assessment and feedback benefiting students, teachers, the creators of educational materials, and learning scientists Digital materials offer new opportunities, particularly for assessment and feedback benefiting students, teachers, the creators of educational materials, and learning scientists On-line education offers new opportunities for reaching the underserved here and around the world On-line education offers new opportunities for reaching the underserved here and around the world Government should support open materials for keystone courses Government should support open materials for keystone courses We need better data on: We need better data on: –Student progress –Educational outcomes –Factors that favor or impede student success. –Factors that favor or impede student success. We need research on: We need research on: –Comparative effectiveness of digital educational materials –Best practices for online, face-to-face, and blended education

Openness in Lab Experiences Fab labs: small scale workshops with an array of computer controlled tools that can be used to make almost anything, institutionalizing the capacity for tinkering Fab labs: small scale workshops with an array of computer controlled tools that can be used to make almost anything, institutionalizing the capacity for tinkering High-quality on-line substitutes for hands-on laboratory and clinical experiences are being created High-quality on-line substitutes for hands-on laboratory and clinical experiences are being created The open science movement is providing broader access to materials The open science movement is providing broader access to materials

Openness in Research Increased collaboration and immediate disclosure of results is changing the model for knowledge creation and dissemination Increased collaboration and immediate disclosure of results is changing the model for knowledge creation and dissemination Open-access journals are challenging proprietary models Open-access journals are challenging proprietary models Institutional digital repositories are emerging offering global access to research Institutional digital repositories are emerging offering global access to research The methods for recognizing scholarly achievement havent caught up to these changes The methods for recognizing scholarly achievement havent caught up to these changes We need research on: We need research on: –The impact of immediate-release policies and open- access publishing on tenure and advancement practices –New methods of peer review and evaluation in the age of digital scholarship –Best practices for effective collaboration –Standards for meta-data for digital repositories

Intellectual Property Review and recalibrate IP rules to recognize the increasing importance of users as follow-on innovators Review and recalibrate IP rules to recognize the increasing importance of users as follow-on innovators Extend permitted uses of proprietary materials under educational exceptions for non commercial use beyond traditional classrooms Extend permitted uses of proprietary materials under educational exceptions for non commercial use beyond traditional classrooms Educate faculty about their intellectual property rights Educate faculty about their intellectual property rights Re-evaluate university licensing policies and favor more open licensing consistent with the universitys mission to create and disseminate knowledge, especially in cases critical to improving health in less developed countries Re-evaluate university licensing policies and favor more open licensing consistent with the universitys mission to create and disseminate knowledge, especially in cases critical to improving health in less developed countries Improve access to orphan works Improve access to orphan works

Openness in Administration and Community Services We should change the default setting for campus events from closed to open We should change the default setting for campus events from closed to open We should support open source administrative software We should support open source administrative software We should take advantage of greater openness to improve support services We should take advantage of greater openness to improve support services Government should: Government should: –Fund the creation and distribution of open online materials e.g. materials aimed at potential applicants for financial assistance –Support increased use of online means of providing counseling and tutoring, including peer to peer efforts –Support increased training for faculty in the area of online education

Increasing Access to Information The public-access policy for NIH funded researchpublic disclosure within 12 months of publication--should be preserved and extended to cover: The public-access policy for NIH funded researchpublic disclosure within 12 months of publication--should be preserved and extended to cover: –All non-classified research funded by the 11 federal agencies providing over $100 million each in research support –Publicly funded research at institutions of higher education at the state and local level The NIH public-access policy should be extended, under appropriate conditions, to primary data resulting from federally funded research and data gathered in support of government regulatory activities Federal funding agencies should include funds to pay for publication in open access journals when making grants Federal funding agencies should include funds to pay for publication in open access journals when making grants Research should examine whether the embargo period for federally supported research should be shortened Research should examine whether the embargo period for federally supported research should be shortened

Transparency and Choice We know too little about what a degree means or about the value-add of institutions of higher education We know too little about what a degree means or about the value-add of institutions of higher education Government policy should support: Government policy should support: –Development of compatibility, comparability, and portability of degrees and certificates –Increase transparency regarding the educational outcomes at, and the value-added, by institutions of higher education –Broader access to information held by institutions, accrediting bodies, and the government itself should become the norm Government should encourage accrediting agencies to increase their focus on learning outcomes and the performance of their members in achieving them Government should encourage accrediting agencies to increase their focus on learning outcomes and the performance of their members in achieving them

Compatibility, Comparability, and Transparency regarding Degrees Government should support research on improving the ability to assess the achievement of learning outcomes including examinations that would more effectively demonstrate mastery for purposes of degrees and certification Government should support research on improving the ability to assess the achievement of learning outcomes including examinations that would more effectively demonstrate mastery for purposes of degrees and certification Academic and professional societies should be engaged to develop relevant learning outcomes and assessment measures Academic and professional societies should be engaged to develop relevant learning outcomes and assessment measures

New Means of Certification New means to certify mastery on a global scale are likely to emerge due to: New means to certify mastery on a global scale are likely to emerge due to: –Rise of OER and online education transcending borders –Lack of seats at institutions of higher education around the world –Desire by self-directed learners (half of those who download MITs OpenCourseWare) to demonstrate mastery for purposes of advancement –Failure of existing system to serve needs of learners, employers, etc.

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