Muscular System Chapter 7

The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement – they contract or shorten and are the machine of the body Three basic muscle types are found in the body Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Function of Muscles 1. Support the body 2. Allow for movement by making bones and other body parts move 3. Maintain constant body temperature

4. Assist in movement of cardiovascular veins and lymph 5. Protect internal organs and stabilize joints

Organization of Skeletal Muscle Muscle belly Fascicle: a bundle of muscle fibers Muscle Fiber: muscle cell Sarcomere: units of myofibrils responsible for the striated appearance Myofibrils: structures that make up a muscle fiber Myofilament: protein filaments that make up a sarcomere Myosin: thick filaments Actin: thin filaments

Coverings of a Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are organs They contain muscle fibers, nerves, and blood vessels Connective tissue membranes separate each muscle structure Fascia – layer of fibrous tissue that separates muscles from each other and from the skin

Coverings from largest to smallest Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle Perimysium – surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle) Endomysium – surrounds a single muscle fiber (cell)

Skeletal Muscle Attachments Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment Tendon – cord-like structure Sites of muscle attachment Bones Cartilages Connective tissue coverings

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Fiber (muscle cell) Cells are multinucleate Nuclei are just beneath the membrane

Sarcolemma – specialized plasma membrane Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in muscle contraction

Myofibril Bundles of myofilaments Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands Light band = “I band” Dark band = “A band”

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber Organization of the sarcomere Thick filaments = myosin protein Thin filaments = actin protein

Myosin and actin overlap somewhat in the sarcomere Myosin filaments have heads (extensions) that can ‘grab’ onto actin forming a crossbridge

Physiology of Muscle Contraction Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve (motor neuron) to contract

Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Step 1: Nerve releases a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)

Step 2: Neurotransmitter causes the muscle cell membrane gates to open Step 3: Ions (Na+ & K+) exchange places causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ Step 4: This release of Ca+ starts the muscle contraction as the actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Model - a muscle contracts when the thin filament in the muscle fiber slides over the thick filament Activated by ATP and calcium (Ca+) ions

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction 1) An influx of Ca2+ causes thick myosin filaments to form crossbridges with the thin actin filament by exposing the binding site on actin

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction 2) The crossbridges change shape as it pulls on filaments which slides towards the center of the sacromere in the power stroke The distance between the Z line decreases, shortening the muscle.

3) The crossbridges detach from the actin filament when ATP bonds to myosin head.

The Sliding Filament Theory 4) The myosin head gets ready to bond to actin again using ATP energy The cycle is repeated on another site of actin filament using the stored ATP energy

Muscle Contraction Physiology of Muscle Contraction

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening Rapid stimulus = constant contraction or tetanus

Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of ATP or Ca2+ One molecule of ATP supplies enough energy for one actin and myosin cross-bridge

Energy for Muscle Contraction Muscles use stored ATP for energy Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles Three ways for muscle to make energy (ATP) ATP production for Muscle Contraction Creatine Phosphate Cellular Respiration Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)

1. Creatine Phosphate Creatine phosphate is a high-energy compound and is the fastest way to make ATP available for muscles Used for activities lasting < 15 seconds Anaerobic (no oxygen needed) Reaction: Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate is made when a muscle is at rest

2. Cellular Respiration Mitochondria use glucose molecules to make ATP in the presence of oxygen Provides most of a muscle’s ATP Aerobic (needs oxygen) Used for activities lasting hours Reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy 1 glucose = 36 ATP

3. Anaerobic Respiration/ Fermentation Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen Used for activities lasting 30 – 60 seconds Anaerobic (no oxygen) Reaction Glucose  pyruvic acid + 2 ATP  lactic acid Lactic acid is also produced and causes pain in the muscle

Heavy breathing after exercise is a sign of oxygen deficiency A marathon runner is exhausted after crossing the finish line because they have depleted not only their oxygen but their glucose as well It takes up to two days to replace all of the glucose in the muscles and glycogen in the liver

Muscles and Body Movements Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Muscles are attached to at least two points Insertion – attachment to a moveable bone Origin – attachment to an immovable bone

Types of Ordinary Body Movements Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together Extension- increases angle of joint

Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head “no” Abduction – moving away from the midline Adduction - moving toward the midline Circumduction - cone-shaped movement, proximal end doesn’t move, while distal end moves in a circle.

Types of Muscles Muscles work in opposing pairs Ex. Biceps (flexion of arm) and Triceps (extension of arm) Prime mover – muscle that does most of the work Synergist – muscle that helps a prime mover in a movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

Naming of Skeletal Muscles Direction of muscle fibers Example: rectus (straight), orbicularis (circular) Relative size of the muscle Example: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long), brevis (short) Location of the muscle Example: pectoralis (chest), external (outside), frontalis (frontal) Number of origins Example: triceps (three heads)

Location of the muscles origin and insertion Example: sterno (on the sternum) Shape of the muscle Example: deltoid (triangular) Action of the muscle Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

Affects of Aging on Muscles 1. Muscles that are not used are replaced by connective tissue then by fat 2. With age comes degeneration of mitochondria due to exposure to oxygen and free radicals 3. Changes in the nervous system and endocrine system also effect structure and function of muscles 4. Muscles become weaker as we age but exercise can stimulate muscle build-up

She is 86 years young and a body builder. He is 80, and the oldest Iron man triathlon participant. (1.2 mile swim, a 56-mile bike and a 13.1 mile run = 70.3 miles.)

Disorders relating to the Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due to increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the sarcolemma Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors

Sprain verses Strain Strain – overstretching of a muscle near a joint Sprain – twisting of a joint leading to swelling and injury to ligaments, tendons, blood vessels and nerves

Myalgia and Tendinitis Myalgia – inflammation of muscle tissue (arthritis on previous slide) Tendinitis – inflammation of the tendon due to strain of repeated activity