Psychology in Everyday Life

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Psychology in Everyday Life David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall Psychology in Everyday Life Third Edition Chapter 11 Personality Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Icebergs hide most of their bulk beneath the surface of the water Icebergs hide most of their bulk beneath the surface of the water. Psychologists often use this image to show Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the surface of our awareness. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact. Figure 11.1 Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 11. 1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages David G. Myers and C Table 11.1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 11. 2 Six Defense Mechanisms David G. Myers and C Table 11.2 Six Defense Mechanisms David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Spencer Grant/Science Source In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use this test are confident that the interpretation of unclear images will reveal unconscious parts of the test-taker’s personality. Figure 11.2 The Rorschach test David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

AP Photo/Jean-Marc Bouju Andrew Innerarity / REUTERS Mapmakers can tell us a lot by using two axes (north–south and east–west). Two primary personality factors (extraversion–introversion and stability–instability) are similarly useful as axes for describing personality variation. Varying combinations define other, more specific traits. (From Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963.) Those who are naturally introverted, such as primatologist Jane Goodall, may be particularly gifted in field studies. Successful politicians, including former U.S. President Bill Clinton, are often natural extraverts. Figure 11.3 Two personality factors David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Steve Wisbauer/Getty Images Table 11.3 The “Big Five” Personality Factors David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 11.5 The biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 11. 4 Comparing the Major Personality Theories David G Table 11.4 Comparing the Major Personality Theories David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Americans’ individualist tendencies are reflected in their choice of names for their babies. In recent years, the percentage of American babies receiving one of that year’s 10 most common names has plunged. (Adapted from Twenge et al., 2010.) Figure 11.6 A child like no other David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 11.5 Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers