Background Information Aboriginals, the First Nations include Inuit and Métis.

Colonization 1000 AD Norsemen (vikings) explore Newfoundland, but don’t stay 1497 John Cabot sails for English king Henry VII 1603 - French explorer Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec City French settlers mostly fur traders, not permanent settlers, English were permanent settlers.

1763 - Seven Years War (French-Indian War) The French lost and signed over Quebec territory to England 1763 Royal Proclamation create the Province of Quebec Quebec Act 1774 Expanded Quebec territory to the Great Lakes Established French language Established French Civil Law Protected Catholic Faith

Canada burned down our White House though. War of 1812 The United States attempted to invade Canada...it did not work either of the three times. Canada burned down our White House though.

Canada’s Relationship with England 1867 Constitution Act (British Document) created the Canadian Confederation (a federal government working with provincial government) 1914 (WWI) - Canada HAS to send troops to support England → Conscription Crisis as French-Canadian don’t want to be forced to fight for England.

1931 - Statute of Westminster This made Canada more independent from Britain. Canada can make their own international decisions without England’s approval. However, the Canadian constitution is still a British document, and any Canadian amendments need to be passed through British Parliament.

Canadian Political Status Canada is a confederation of Provinces. Each Province has their own government that works with the Federal government of Canada. Similar to how the US has a federal government and state government.

Canadian Federal Government House of Commons - Have elected representatives called Members of Parliament (Mps), they create the laws for Canada Prime Minister - the head of state, he chooses his cabinet Senate - They are chosen by the Prime Minister and review the laws created in the House of Commons.

Provincial Government Lieutenant Governor - Represents the Queen Premier - The head of the Provisional government and chooses his cabinet from parliament Legislative Assembly - elected leaders, makes Provincial Laws.

House of Representative US-Canadian Chart United States Canada State President Governor House of Representative Senate Explain how the Canadian and US governments are similar AND different.

St. Laurent and John Diefenbaker Canada Quiz Part One: St. Laurent and John Diefenbaker

Revision of Indian Act in 1951 NORAD Nationalist View Part One: Policies/Terms In your own words, describe Six of the following policies/Terms War Measures Act Revision of Indian Act in 1951 NORAD Nationalist View Continentalist View Trans Canadian Pipeline Canadian Bill of Rights Autocratic Unhyphenated Canada

Part Two: Who did what... For the following policies/actions, you will write down who supported them: St. Laurent Or Diefenbaker.

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker Hesitated in reacting to the Cuban Missile Crisis, which worsened relations with the United States Allowed the US to exploit the hydroelectric potential of Columbia by damming the river near the border, which led to flooding of British Columbian land. Was an autocratic ruler who lost partly due to “Liberal Arrogance”. Intended to create the “Northern Dream (Development) by building transcanada highway system and fostering development of mining in the Northern Territories.

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker Lost support of the people by flip flopping over the issue of allowing BOMARC missiles into Canada. Allowed Canada to become a founding member of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty ORganization). He forced the Trans Canadian Pipeline through parliament. He promoted the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway construction.

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker He created a commission to look into how much the US dominated Canada’s economy...which was quite a bit, as the US controlled 50% mining, and 75% of oil industries. He spoke of Nationalist policies but in reality, acted more Continentalist He supported a stronger federal government He proposed to give Great Britain 15% of Canada’s exports to develop stronger ties, but could not because it was illegal (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker He scratched the popular Avro Arrow program for a super technological jet airplane. Under his leadership, the value of manufactured goods rose from $8 Billion to $20 Billion He sold Canadian wheat to China, tripling the farmers income...but harming relations with the United States.

Part One Answers War Measures Act Passed in 1914, allowed the federal government the power to regulate the economy and suspend civil liberties in times of war or perceived insurrection Revision of Indian Act (1951) Lifted restrictions on First Nations culture (Potlatch) and was the first time First nations leaders participated in making the amendments. It remained condescending and controlling NORAD North American Air Defense Command - linked Canadian and US air forces to defend North America against Soviet attack

Part One Answers Nationalist View Policies and actions should promote Canada and Canadian culture OVER US interference Continentalist View Policies and actions should cooperate with the US for a positive relationship Trans Canada Pipeline A pipeline to transport Alberta oil from the West to the East, crossing into the US. It was controversial as the US would help pay for it, be able to use the oil and would profit off of it. It leads to St. Laurent’s fall from power

Part One Answers Canadian Bill of Rights Guaranteed civil rights for all Canadians regardless of ancestry, religion, language or province. It allowed First Nations the right to vote...BUT it only referred to federal jurisdiction, it did not cover education or healthcare Autocratic To rule forcefully, push your policies through Unhyphenated Canada Promoted One Canada, identifying everyone just as Canadian, not French-Canadian or English Canadian or Ukrainian-Canadian...

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker Hesitated in reacting to the Cuban Missile Crisis, which worsened relations with the United States DIEFENBAKER Allowed the US to exploit the hydroelectric potential of Columbia by damming the river near the border, which led to flooding of British Columbian land. DIEFENBAKER Was an autocratic ruler who lost partly due to “Liberal Arrogance”. ST. LAURENT Intended to create the “Northern Dream (Development) by building transcanada highway system and fostering development of mining in the Northern Territories. DIEFENBAKER

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker Lost support of the people by flip flopping over the issue of allowing BOMARC missiles into Canada. DIEFENBAKER Allowed Canada to become a founding member of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty ORganization). ST. LAURENT He forced the Trans Canadian Pipeline through parliament. ST. LAURENT He promoted the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway construction. ST. LAURENT

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker He created a commission to look into how much the US dominated Canada’s economy...which was quite a bit, as the US controlled 50% mining, and 75% of oil industries. ST. LAURENT He spoke of Nationalist policies but in reality, acted more Continentalist DIEFENBAKER He supported a stronger federal government ST. LAURENT He proposed to give Great Britain 15% of Canada’s exports to develop stronger ties, but could not because it was illegal (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). DIEFENBAKER

St. Laurent or Diefenbaker He scratched the popular Avro Arrow program for a super technological jet airplane. DIEFENBAKER Under his leadership, the value of manufactured goods rose from $8 Billion to $20 Billion. ST. LAURENT He sold Canadian wheat to China, tripling the farmers income...but harming relations with the United States. DIEFENBAKER

Pearson and Trudeau Quiz!!!

Part One: Terms/Policies Define SIX of the following terms/policies: Cooperative Federalism Auto Pact Glassco Commission Official Languages Act Quiet Revolution New Canadian Flag Economic Nationalism Notwithstanding Clause Foreign Investment Review Agency

Pearson or Trudeau? He launched the National Energy Policy to increase Canadian ownership of the oil industry → Petro Canada He created the Multiculturalism Act to guarantee equality for all cultural and ethnic organizations & second language instructions He initiated a commission for a new Canadian flag He created the “Bilingual Campaign” to foster better understanding of each other

Pearson or Trudeau 5. He created Universal Healthcare for Canada 6. His economic advisor made a plan that would punish US investment in Canada, eventually he was forced to get rid of it as the US threatened to do the same to Canada. 7. He cut Canada’s commitment to NATO by 50%. 8. He created a Canadian constitution and forced Quebec’s Premier out of the negotiations to get it passed.

Pearson or Trudeau 9. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to settle the Suez Crisis. 10. He passed the Official Languages Act that ensured all Canadians had access to federal services in their own language 11. He reduced government spending on the military by reducing troops by 20,000 and combined the Army, Navy and Air Force into one administrative unit. 12. Inflation rose under his leadership and he froze prices and wages.

Terms Cooperative Federalism Official Languages Act Where the Federal government works with the provinces so that a compromise may be reached in legislature Official Languages Act This allowed for Canadians to receive federal help in either English or French Economic Nationalism This policy called for an increase in taxes on US dominated companies and tax breaks for more Canadian controlled companies. It was dropped when the US threatened to do the same to Canadian countries.

Terms Auto Pact This was a trade agreement with the US where Canada could specialize in producing certain car models → more productivity and a “one industry free trade” Quiet Revolution French Canadiens beign to assert their independence and push for separation Notwithstanding Clause A clause in the constitution that says Provinces can opt out of a regulation on a case by case basis

Terms Glassco Commission Stated that spending on the military had been wasteful and promoted the cut of troops by 20,000, as well as combined the Army, Navy and Air Force New Canadian Flag It was meant to get rid of the British dominated Union Jack flag and bring the country together under a wholly Canadian flag, but it caused more controversy. Foreign Investment Review Agency This screened foreign business takeovers to decide if they benefited Canada, and discouraged foreign investment and growth.

Pearson or Trudeau? He launched the National Energy Policy to increase Canadian ownership of the oil industry → Petro Canada Trudeau He created the Multiculturalism Act to guarantee equality for all cultural and ethnic organizations & second language instructions. Trudeau He initiated a commission for a new Canadian flag Pearson He created the “Bilingual Campaign” to foster better understanding of each other. Pearson

Pearson or Trudeau 5. He created Universal Healthcare for Canada. Pearson 6. His economic advisor made a plan that would punish US investment in Canada, eventually he was forced to get rid of it as the US threatened to do the same to Canada. Pearson 7. He cut Canada’s commitment to NATO by 50%. Trudeau 8. He created a Canadian constitution and forced Quebec’s Premier out of the negotiations to get it passed. Trudeau

Pearson or Trudeau 9. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to settle the Suez Crisis. Pearson 10. He passed the Official Languages Act that ensured all Canadians had access to federal services in their own language. Trudeau 11. He reduced government spending on the military by reducing troops by 20,000 and combined the Army, Navy and Air Force into one administrative unit.Pearson 12. Inflation rose under his leadership and he froze prices and wages. Trudeau

The October Crisis - 1970 (FLQ)