What Are Nanotechnologies and What Do They Mean For Us? Tim Harper Cientifica Ltd Bucharest 12th April 2005

Cientifica Ltd London based Cientifica Ltd Provides global nanotechnology business intelligence and consulting services to industry and investors worldwide; Publishes the ‘Nanotechnology Opportunity Report” the only global overview of technologies and markets; Organises the World Nanoeconomic Congress and Trends in Nanotechnology conferences; Coordinates EU research programs from electronics to toxicology, regulation and legislation; Provides expert advice to governments worldwide.

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1. What Is Nanotechnology

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Things Natural Things Manmade Human hair ~ 10-50 mm wide Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 mm Dust mite 200 mm ATP synthase ~10 nm diameter MicroElectroMechanical Devices 10 -100 mm wide Pollen grain Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm Head of a pin 1-2 mm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Ant ~ 5 mm The Microworld 0.1 nm 1 nanometer (nm) 0.01 mm 10 nm 0.1 mm 100 nm 1 micrometer (mm) 10 mm 100 mm 1 millimeter (mm) 1 cm 10-2 m 10-3 m 10-4 m 10-5 m 10-6 m 10-7 m 10-8 m 10-9 m 10-10 m Visible spectrum The Nanoworld 1,000 nanometers = 1,000,000 nanometers = Nanotube electrode Carbon nanotube ~2 nm diameter Nanotube transistor 21st Century Challenge Combine nanoscale building blocks to make functional devices,

The Evolution of Materials 10,000 BC Cement Steel 1800 Iron 1000 BC 1900’s Polymers & Composites 2000 2010 Stone & Wood Nano materials & composites Bottom Up Design? From as found to as we want… Adapted from Herrmann, W. Chem. Eng. Technol. 21(7), 549 (1998)

Precise Control Over Properties An order of magnitude better than chemistry Defect free and higher tolerance Bottom Up design What properties do we need Can we design the material we require?

Molecular Precision “Controlling physical properties by defining matter with molecular precision” -Prof Mark Welland, University of Cambridge

Defining Nanotech with More Precision Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. But Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale. -Source: Royal Society Report on Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties, Policy Document 19/04, July 2004

The Importance of Materials We may be in line for a “permanent oil shock” - IMF, April 2005 Oil may increase to over $100/barrel in a “superspike” - Goldman Sachs , April 2005 We are entering a “supercycle” characterised by and extended period of demand for raw materials - Citigroup, April 2005

The Roadmap Source: Irish Council For Science, Technology and Innovation, June 2004

Tools for Nanotechnology “Nanotechnology” first introduced in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi as a term for ultra precision machining Scanning Tunnelling Microscopes (STM) were commercially available from the mid 80’s The first commercial Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) the DI Nanoscope went on sale in 1989 Scientific American, August 1985

Working on the Nanoscale is Routine Height image of banded spherulite of high density polyethylene. 15 µm scan Phase image of block copolymer (PCHE/PE) film. 400nm scan. Phase image of liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimer Images Courtesy Veeco

Atomic Resolution is Routine 2nm gate-oxide sample Clear view on the structure of a silicon-silicon oxide interface. Image courtesy of FEI Company 17/09/2018

2. Will Nanotechnologies… Build tiny robots? Make anyone rich? Change Our Lives? Provide opportunities for Eastern Europe?

Building Tiny Robots?

A Pointless Debate?

More Biology and Chemistry than Physics? Many nanoscale manufacturing processes are attempting to mimic nature Almost all biological processes take place in the liquid phase Trend towards directed self assembly (sometimes referred to as directed evolution) Frustules of Diatoms Seawater + Sunlight = Silica (Note Seawater contains traces of dissolved silicic acid)

Nanobio Examples Protein Nanowires Based on yeast Xaccharomyces cerevisiae yeast modified to enable protein to bond with metal particles (Au/Ag) metal wires between 80 and 200 nanometers in diameter -Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Protein Based Assembly Based on protein ferritin Stores iron in the body Replace iron with ferromagnetic materials to ‘grow’ high density disk drives -Nanomagnetics Ltd. UK

Getting Rich Quick?

From Nanoscience to Nanotechnology

From Nanoscience to Nanotechnology

From Nanoscience to Nanotechnology

Who Makes The Money? Plenty of money for research Equipment Suppliers are making the money now Highest growth rates in corporate R&D Most Global 2000 companies know what ‘nano’ means

Strong Demand Drives Profits Record results for FEI and Veeco Global public funding over $6Bn Strong growth in industrial research

Changing Our Lives? In Unexpected Ways?

Automotive Applications Carbon Black or CNT tyre compounds Stain resistant textiles Self cleaning alloy wheels Heat reflecting / antireflective coating Paint and anti scratch coatings CNT in plastic components Hydrophobic coating on windows Lubricants and fuel additives Conductive polymer fuel systems Ceramic brake and engine components Sensors Catalytic converter © Cientifica Ltd

Source: Cientifica Ltd

Commercialisation : Results of the European Nanobusiness Association survey 2005 Web-based survey of European attitudes to nanotechnology 130 respondents, 46% from industry

Industry View Source: European NanoBusiness Association Survey 2005. Sample size 128

Commercialisation : Results of the ENA survey 2005

Commercialisation : Results of the ENA survey 2005

(nano)Opportunities For Eastern Europe Three key areas Primary Industries Local Solutions World Class Niches

Primary Industries Nanotech is about materials so effects production more than services (so far). Leverage low costs while adding value through nanotech E.g application of improved catalysts to chemical and coal processing Clean coal Oil from coal Add value to natural resources Add value through local processing Leverage improvements in packaging

Local Solutions 1 Modernization of traditional industries Ask how ‘nano’ can make things faster/better/cheaper/greener Open new markets Improve margins Textiles - added value through enhanced functionality Stain/crease resistance, functional textiles, industrial textiles Construction - multifunctional materials Coatings (self cleaning, sensing, energy generating) Bulk properties (tensile, thermal, optical)

Local Solutions 2 Develop Solutions to Local Problems Water Energy Pollution … Sometimes application “know how” is more valuable than the core technology Look for exportable expertise

World Class Niches The playing field is not level so don’t play “catch up.” Build on and encourage local “world class” expertise. Solve your own problems before solving mine (proven solutions are more valuable than ideas). Look for regional niche industries that add value, e.g processing, packaging.

Conclusions 1 There is no shortage of money for nanotech; Growth will shift from research to applications; Major markets such as Energy, Water and Health will be key drivers; Environmental issues are being addressed, societal issues are less clear; Tomorrows nanotech will look more like chemistry than physics.

Conclusions 2 Nanotechnologies pose new questions for regulators; Many covered by existing legislation; Nanotechnologies will generate civil liberty issues, but only in conjunction with IT, Biotech; Need to look not at nanotechnologies, but their effect!

A closing thought… Global nanotechnology funding 2004: $8 bln Amount Americans will spend on pet food in 2005: $14.5 bln* *American pet products manufacturers association, 2005

Tim Harper - Cientifica +34 91 640 71 85 Tim.Harper@Cientifica.com