Nationalism and Realism Chapter 22 Nationalism and Realism

Napoleon III Revolution of 1848 resulted in new constitution, a president, and universal suffrage Louis Napoleon, “Napoleon the Small” Restored national suffrage, asked the people to reelect him for a term of 10 years, then asked to restore the empire Controlled armed forces, police, civil service, introduce legislation, declare war Encouraged industrial growth, roads, trains, Paris Responded to criticism by liberalizing government Legalized trade unions Granted right to strike

French in Mexico France sent troops to dominate Mexican markets British and Spanish removed their troops after Mexican- American War Napoleon III appointed Archduke Maximilian of Austria “emperor” of Mexico May 5, 1862: smaller Mexican force beat French in Puebla May, 1867: Maximilian executed

Crimean War (1854-1856) Sale of Commissions Lord Cardigan paid £40,000 for the Colonelcy of the stylish 11th Hussars. Sale of Commissions Crimean War (1854-1856) Who would capitalize on the decline of the Ottoman Empire? Russia’s proximity and religious bonds makes obvious choice Other European powers feared Russian ambitions Ottomans declared war on Russia in Oct. 1853 Britain and France declared war in March Feared Russia would control the Dardanelles Poorly planned and fought Britain/France attacked Russia’s Crimean Peninsula and took Bessarabia Nicholas I died, Alexander II sued for peace, Black Sea declared neutral

Effects of Crimean War 250,000 died – many from Cholera Florence Nightingale saved many with “sanitary conditions” Broke up long-standing power relationships Destroyed Concert of Europe Austria (who remained neutral) enemies with Russia now Russia and Britain pull back from continental affairs

Italian Unification 1850: Austria still dominant power Count Camillo di Cavour- PM of Piedmont Pursued economic expansion, building roads, etc Used money to equip army Allied with Napoleon III to drive Austrians out France would receive Nice and Savoy as thanks Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian patriot Raised army of “Red Shirts,” attacked Bourbons in Sicily Two Sicilies fell, Cavour cut off Garibaldi’s anticipated attack on Rome (which would have pulled in France)

AP EURO Mustache of the Year Nominee Italian Unification “Kingdom of Italy” Plebiscites issued and the Papal States and Two Sicilies united with Piedmont on March 17,1861 King Victor Emmanuel II Venetia still held by Austria Rome under papal control, supported by French Austrian-Prussian war of 1866 gave Venetia and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy September 20, 1870: Rome becomes capital

German Unification Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia Realpolitik: politics based in practicality, not theories or ideals Always made sure Prussia would only be fighting one power Danish War (1864) Prussia and Austria won Schleswig and Holstein, created conflict between two powers Austro-Prussian War (1866) – won Venetia's freedom, but didn’t punish Austrians, created North German Confederation

German Unification Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) Bismark edited a letter to insult France Prussia dominated France Napoleon III captured – deposed Third Republic begins! France gave up Alsace and Lorraine Southern German Confederation joined Northern Confederation to make German state

January 18, 1871 Hall of Mirrors in Versailles William I (with Bismark at his feet) crowned Kaiser (emperor) of the Second German Empire Achieved by Prussian monarchy & military Germany merged into Prussia Unease: “I am no devotee of Mars; I feel more attached to the goddess of beauty and the mother of graces than the powerful god of war” German unification meant authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiments

Austria- from Authoritarian to Dualism 1848: serfdom abolished 1850: rise of industrial middle class 1859: Francis Joseph (1848-1916) established a Reichsrat (parliament) with nominated upper house and elected lower house Imperfect: ensured German majority, alienated Hungarians 1867: Ausgleich (compromise) created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Each part of empire had a constitution, bicameral legislature, capital (Vienna & Buda – later Budapest) Francis Joseph united two as emperor of Austria and Kind of Hungary, shared army and finances Did not satisfy other minorities (Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, etc)

Russia – backwardness lead to reforms March 3, 1861: Alexander II emancipated serfs Government provided land for peasants but nobles kept best, arable, land. Peasants expected to pay back government for land Mir: village commune, collectively responsible for repayment to government -- tied peasants to land Alexander Herzen (1812-1870)- Russian exile in London “Land and Freedom” believed peasant communes could be self-governing body Populism: aim to create a new society through revolutionary acts of peasants Some Populists turned to violence: assassinated Alexander II in 1881 Also considered the Tsar-Liberator in Bulgaria for fighting the Ottomans and liberating Bulgaria for the 1st time since 14th century Considered “Good Czar Alexander in Finland for helping them elevate their language and gain autonomy from Sweden

Victorian Age Liberal parliamentary system brought social and political reforms coupled with economic growth and improvements for working class Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Longest reign in British history Duty and moral respectability reflected values of age Tories  “Conservatives,” Whigs  “Liberals” Benjamin Disraeli: (conservative) Reform Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for voting and enfranchised many urban males William Gladstone (liberal) Education Act of 1870 Made elementary schools available for all children

Marxism By the 1870s, industrialization was full “steam” ahead on the Continent railroad stimulated growth in iron and coal elimination of international trade barriers opened up the waterways Joint-Stock Investment Banks mobilized capital for investment Capitalist factory owners had control over hiring and firing and unions were largely ineffective

Capital: the motivating force of Capitalism is exploitation of labor Marx and Marxism The Communist Manifesto – 1848 Karl Marx: PhD in Philosophy, couldn’t teach due to atheism, moved to Paris as a writer Friedrich Engels: worked in father’s factory in England, wrote The Conditions of the Working Class in England which described “wage slavery” of working class Proletariat: the industrial working class Should rise up, overthrow bourgeois masters Form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production Classless society would emerge “the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…working men of all countries, UNITE!”

A new age of Science Louis Pasteur- germ theory of disease Pasteurization – heating a product to stop spoilage Vaccination against rabies Dmitri Mendeleyev- classified elements by atomic weights Michael Faraday- electromagnetic induction, foundation for electricty Materialism: everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was simply a result of physical forces Truth was to be found in concrete material existence, not through feeling or intuition

Darwin (1809-1882) Naturalist on the HMS Beagle in 1831 Discarded notion of special creation Natural Selection: plants and animals pass on traits that help the survive “survival of the fittest” On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) Organic evolution: all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time A struggle for existence, with one individual, against the whole species, or with physical conditions of life, leads to adaptation

Bonjour, Monsieur Gustav Courbet, 1854. Francois Millet’s, The Gleaners, Realism Wanted to portray ordinary characters from real life rather than Romantic heroes in unusual settings Avoided flowery sentimental language Less poetry, more prose and novel Madame Bovary (1857) – a woman wrapped up in Romantic ideals eventually succumbs to suicide Vanity Fair: a Novel Without a Hero (1848) Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849