The World Between the Wars (1910–1939) Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan

The World Between the Wars (1910–1939) Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan Learning Objectives Explain the key challenges faced by the Chinese republic in the early 1900s. Analyze the struggle between nationalists and Communists in China. Summarize the effects of liberal changes in Japan in the 1920s. Describe the rise of extreme nationalism and militarism in Japan. Describe the impact of the Japanese invasion of China.

The World Between the Wars (1910–1939) Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan Key Terms Twenty-One Demands, May Fourth Movement. vanguard, Guomindang Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong Long March. ultranationalists. Manchuria. Hirohito,

Trouble in the Chinese Republic A new Chinese republic took shape after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. Nationalists like Sun Yixian set the goal of “catching up and surpassing the powers, east and west.” But that goal would remain a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion.

Trouble in the Chinese Republic Struggles for Power Sun steps down, China too divided, more loyalty to local areas Warlords take control of local areas Foreign Imperialism China still dominated by foreign powers Twenty-One demands- The May Fourth Movement Seeks Reform Wanted to modernize and westernize Chinese Communism Is Born Communist Russia trains Chinese Vanguard-

Trouble in the Chinese Republic Sun Yixian fought to end the Qing dynasty and China’s 2,000-year system of feudal monarchy. He then served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912.

Nationalists and Communists In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang (gwoh meen DAWNG) or Nationalist party, established a government in south China. Sun planned to raise an army to defeat the warlords and unite China. When Western democracies refused to help, Sun accepted aid from the Soviet Union and joined forces with the small group of Chinese Communists to defeat the warlords. However, he still believed that China’s future should be based on his Three Principles of the People.

Nationalists and Communists The Nationalists and Jiang Jieshi Sun and his Guomindang unite with Communist forces Wanted to conquer warlords and re-unite China Jiang Jieshi- nationalist forces Turned on communist, starting a 22 year civil war Communism and Mao Zedong Mao- leader of communist forces The Long March Mao and 100,000 flee from Guomindang forces 1934-45- flee 6,000 miles facing daily attacks Only 20,000 survive Communist gained support among the peasants

Nationalists and Communists Jiang Jieshi led the Guomindang after Sun’s death in 1925. He headed the Guomindang government in China from 1928 to 1949.

Nationalists and Communists Analyze Maps The Guomindang and the Communists waged a long and bitter war for control of China. What natural features made the Long March difficult?

China Faces Japanese Imperialism While Jiang was pursuing the Communists across China, the country faced another danger. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire. As Japanese aggression increased, some of Jiang’s generals pushed him to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. Japan exploits China for resources Rape of Nanjing-

China Faces Japanese Imperialism The national capital at Nanjing surrendered to the Japanese on December 13, 1937. The Japanese army brutally murdered members of the Chinese Army and abused Chinese citizens.

Conflicting Forces in Japan The Japanese invasions of China were part of a rising tide of Japanese imperialism. Like China, Japan sought to become a major world power, equal to Western nations. However, Japan lacked the resources needed to fuel its industrial achievements. The small nation looked to the West as an example, attempting to conquer lands to form a huge empire. As you will see, the invasion of China takes on new meaning when viewed from the Japanese perspective.

Conflicting Forces in Japan Expansion and Economic Growth Japan lacked resources Took Korea and parts of China Liberal Reforms of the 1920s Lurking Problems Economy slows Earthquake strikes Tokyo

Conflicting Forces in Japan Japanese and western diplomats signed the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty of 1922. The treaty set limits for battleships at a ratio of five for Great Britain and the United States to three for Japan.

The Ultranationalist Reaction In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force. Trade suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford to purchase Japanese silks and other exports. Unemployment in the cities soared, while rural peasants were only a mouthful from starvation.

The Ultranationalist Reaction Increasing Unrest Japan tired of facing discrimination from Western powers Army and ultranationalist want more expansion The Manchurian Incident Military blew up their own railways for an excuse to invade Manchuria Quickly conquered whole territory before govt even knew

The Ultranationalist Reaction Analyze Graphs Though Japan suffered greatly as a result of the Great Depression, the economic downturn lasted fewer years in Japan than it did in other nations. In what year did the Great Depression in Japan come to an end?

The Ultranationalist Reaction Analyze Maps Japan expanded its territory in Asia between 1918 and 1934. From the conquered lands, the Japanese acquired natural resources to fuel industry. Where were Japan’s main manufacturing areas located?

Militarists Gain Power In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning support from the people for renewing foreign conquests and taking a tough stand against the Western powers. Members of extreme nationalist societies assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders who opposed expansion. Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and, in 1936, briefly occupied the center of Tokyo.

Militarists Gain Power Revival of Traditional Values Military basically overthrew the govt Democratic freedoms limited Built cult around Emperor Hirohito Started using schools to teach absolute obedience to emperor Expansion into China Started expansion and eventually joined Axis powers in WWII

Militarists Gain Power Hirohito became emperor in 1926. Though he was the nation’s supreme authority, he mostly approved decisions made by his ministers. Historians differ over his role in the growth of Japanese aggression.

Quiz: Trouble in the Chinese Republic What were two obstacles to progress that the fledgling Chinese republic faced? A. Marxism and nationalism B. Marxism and foreign imperialism C. warlord rule and foreign imperialism D. warlord rule and nationalism

Quiz: Nationalists and Communists Why did Mao Zedong claim the Long March was a victory for the Communists? A. It helped to win many converts to communism and served as a symbol of communist heroism. B. After the long retreat, the Communists defeated the Guomindang in an epic battle. C. The majority of people survived, despite the harsh conditions they encountered. D. The Communists lacked organization and discipline, yet their power grew during the retreat.

Quiz: China Faces Japanese Imperialism How did the Japanese invasion help to unify China? A. The Japanese supported the Guomindang, unifying political power under one group. B. The Communists and Guomindang formed a united front to fight the Japanese. C. The Japanese took control and unified all of China under one political power. D. The Communists worked with the Japanese to win over Chinese peasants.

Quiz: Conflicting Forces in Japan What were some sources of unrest in Japan in the 1920s? A. Military leaders condemned political and business corruption and Western influence. B. Rural peasants were very poor, while factory workers in the cities received high wages. C. Young people revolted against Western ideals in favor of Japanese traditional culture. D. Factory production stagnated, but the economy grew.

Quiz: The Ultranationalist Reaction How did the Great Depression lead to calls for renewed expansion? A. Ultranationalists believed China planned an invasion and argued that Japan should strike first. B. Ultranationalists gained power over the military and drove expansion. C. Japan invaded other nations because its people were starving due to trade bans. D. Nationalists argued that expansion could provide new resources because the export industry was suffering.

Quiz: Militarists Gain Power What changes did Japanese militarists make when they came to power? A. They attempted to overthrow Emperor Hirohito because he supported democracy. B. They restricted freedoms and imposed traditional Japanese culture. C. They outlawed traditional Japanese culture and forced absolute obedience to the state. D. They used schools to teach students democratic values.