Warm Up Congress of Vienna Notes Purpose of the Congress of Vienna: Conservatism: Liberalism: Principle of Legitimacy: Principle of Intervention: Liberator of Argentina: Liberator of Venezuela:

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Began in Great Britain in the late 1700s Changes in technology led to the switch from human and animal power to machines doing the work

Contributing Factors Increase in the food supply This was due mainly to the Agricultural Revolution, where new inventions and better livestock breeding methods led to more food being produced with less amounts of labor Poor farmers now moved to the cities looking for jobs Population grew and created a large workforce Had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in industrial machines and factories

Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore Large supply of materials and markets from colonies Huge empire and the largest and most powerful navy in the world Great Britain was politically stable Factors of production Capital, Entrepreneur, Land, Labor

Changes in Textile Production Textile = cloth-making, mostly from wool or cotton Cottage Industry Prior to the Industrial Revolution, work such as textile production was done by individuals in their rural homes Merchants would drop off the raw materials and then come back later for the finished product

Finally James Watt improved the steam engine, which used steam to drive machinery Coal was used to heat water to produce steam Factories no longer had to be located near water Many factories were now built in cities and near roads and ports Other uses for the steam engine Robert Fulton developed the steamship Steam engines also used to power locomotives

The Clermont dimensions Length: 43m (142 ft.) Max width: 4.3m (14 ft.) Max. height: 19m (62 ft.) Draught: 4.8 m (15 ft. 9 in) Displacement: 1,210 tons Average Speed: 4.7 miles per hour Time saved: 150 miles in thirty-two hours sailing schooner time: 4 Long Days according to wind and tides.

The Clermonts side paddle wheels were 4 feet (1 The Clermonts side paddle wheels were 4 feet (1.2 meters) wide and 15 feet (4.6 meters) in diameter. After the rebuilding, the Clermont was 149 feet (45.4 meters) long and 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide.

Coal and Iron Industries The success of the steam engine increased the need for coal and led to an expansion in coal production Steam engines required immense amounts of fuel to heat water By 1800 Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal

Railroads Important to the success of the Industrial Revolution More efficient means of transporting goods and resources Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods Entrepreneurs could reinvest profits into new equipment – ongoing economic growth Created new jobs – both on the trains themselves, building the railroads, and rest stops

Working in Factories The factory created a new labor system Factory owners wanted to use their new machines constantly Workers forced to work in shifts Had to create a system of work discipline Factory work was divided into several separate parts and each worker was assigned one task that was easy to learn Even children could easily learn it Factory work was dangerous No safety protection from the massive machines, no worker’s compensation

Pg. 642

Long work hours – from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, only lunch break (no other breaks) Bad conditions, no minimum wage, no job security, noisy, and poor sanitation If you don’t like it, there are many people who will take your place since they need the money

Factory Towns Whole towns grew up around the factories Families lived in shoddy, crowded buildings with cramped quarters Some neighborhoods in Manchester had only two toilets for every 250 people Lots of pollution – soot filled the air from burning coal, the smoke also contained other poisonous chemicals Destroyed lungs and nature Factory towns were highly unsanitary, disease spread rapidly, and many died Six out of every ten children died before the age of 5

Social Impact Growth of cities People moved from farms to cities for jobs Pitiful living conditions – cholera, tuberculosis Two new social classes – growth of the middle class Most of the workers were women and children They were cheaper to pay then men Factory work seen as “women’s work”

Pg. 644

Warm Up What invention brings faster shipments of goods? Where was the first factory built in the US? Three positives and three negatives of factories: Who worked in the factories and why? What 2 social classes did factories create? Define Mass Production: Advantage of identical parts: Founder of Communism:

Process of Mass Production In the U.S., one change that occurred to the factory system was the development of mass production Mass production = the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items Elements of mass production include interchangeable parts and the assembly line Interchangeable parts = identical machine-made parts Assembly line = the product moves from worker to worker, as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process With this new division of labor system, workers can make many items quickly at a more affordable cost

Responses to the Industrial Revolution Socialism The horrible working conditions created by the Industrial Revolution led to a movement known as socialism Socialists, such as Robert Owen, believed that for the good of all, society or the gov’t should own property and control industry

Karl Marx and Communism Communism = a system of social organization in which all property is held in common Hated capitalism and against private property Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 He believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggles” Marx believed that the proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution This would lead ultimately to a classless society in which gov’t would no longer be needed and capitalism would collapse

Labor Unions People formed unions to try to gain better working conditions, less hours, and higher pay Labor union = organizations representing workers’ interests Unions will make considerable progress in making the living and working conditions better Parliament also passed laws that limited work hours for adults and children Factory Act of 1833 – children had to be older than nine to be able to work in factories