Gilded Age: Urbanization Chapter 7-1, 2, 4

Characteristics of Cities During the Gilded Age Rapidly expanding outward and upward Improved transportation networks Economic and Cultural center Distinct social classes New opportunities for women Poor living conditions for many Political machine-run governments Ethnic neighborhoods Segregation

Urban Expansion Industrial revolution changed how and where people worked U.S. population in 1900 = ___________________ Urban population _________________ 1870-1900 Agricultural innovations forced thousands of farmers into the cities Glitter of cities attracted thousands Factories move to the cities Urbanization:

Cities grow upward and outward! Improved transportation allows cities to grow outward Electric _____________ Trains ___________________ Over 5 billion ride a year!

________________ Improved technologies allow for skyscrapers Improvements in _______________ construction _______________

City Pattern Center: Poorest areas (________________) Was previously middle class Usually near ___________________ Unsanitary Working class, middle class and rich made rings around center of cities Transportation innovations (streetcars, trolleys, subways) allowed wealthier to move out of city Neighborhoods usually ___________________________________

“Dumbell” Tenement

Problems in the cities ________________________ from factories Cities could not keep up with population growth Lacked services like garbage pick-up, had inadequate sewage, etc. _______________ were a problem Lack of _______________________ Tenements were usually unsafe Fire, natural disaster, etc. could cause millions in damage and death to many Slums:

Impact on City Government Rapid urban growth taxed ability of local governments to provide services Party Bosses Gave jobs, favors to poor and immigrants for votes Positive: Did help __________________ Negative: corruption and offended _________________________________

“____________ Immigration” _______________ immigrants came to U.S. 75% moved to Northeast Growing number from ___________________ (Italy, Poland, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Turkey, Syria) etc. Made up 40% of immigrants during this era 60% were still “Old Immigrants” (Western European countries such as Britain, Germany, Ireland)

LIFE IN THE NEW LAND In the late 19th century most immigrants arrived via boats The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia The trip was arduous and many died along the way Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians 11

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK Ellis Island was the arrival point for ______________immigrants They had to pass inspection Sick were sent home Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities 12

ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO __________, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island 13

Asians and Latin Americans Many worked on railroads Performed hardest and dirtiest work By 1880, __________ Asian immigrants in U.S. 9% of California’s population Asians: usually stayed ______________ Latin Americans: moved to _________________

Nativism “New Immigrant”, Asian and Latin American immigrants faced __________________ __________________________ Seen as more “un-American” Many Americans felt they could not be ______________ into American culture Many cultural and religious differences Would work for lower wages Usually performed the worst jobs _______________ were usually anti-immigration _______________ preyed upon them

__________________ (1882) Gov’t laws restricting immigration Forbade the immigration of Chinese for a number of years 1898: __________________: Supreme Court ruled 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in U.S. giving protection to Chinese Americans.

Urban Reform Movement Inspired by: _______________________ Corruption in _______________________

Social Gospel Movement Church membership increased dramatically in late 1800s Social betterment tied to salvation Believed people had the duty to help improve the lives of the ________________________________ Charles Sheldon (1897)- __________________________ Wanted to ban _________________________ Felt it was unsafe Children should be in _____________________ Also a force behind the growing Prohibition movement Prohibition:

__________________ Settlement house movement _____________ (1889) Use religious ideas to deal with poverty, social ills Primary focus: Provide daycare, education and healthcare to poor

____________: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

Life of Middle Class Improvements in industry raised the standard of living for many Able to purchase more _____________

Higher Education Improved industry meant new careers demanding _______________________________________ Lawyers, bankers, architects, insurance agents, managers Number of public high schools __________ in 1870 __________ in 1900 Number of kids going to school ______________ (1880-1920) Graduation from ____________________________ 53,000 in 1870 101,000 in 1900

Newspaper Industry Booms _____________ Increased education meant increased _______________ Two newspaper giants at the turn of the century. ___________________

Advertisements Advertisers used newspapers to sell products Development of __________________ People could order goods through the ________________ Sears catalog

Leisure Growing cities provided parks, museums, amusement parks Coney Island World’s Fairs Usually only enjoyed by the upper and middle classes Growth of ___________________ Baseball was very popular _________ and movies

Two Popular New York Destinations Coney Island (log flume) and Central Park

Working Class Number of unskilled workers growing and threatening skilled workers Gap between rich and poor _______________ Top 10% had 73% of wealth in 1890 Number of unskilled workers, making less money, is increasing

Women and children in work force Working class children worked _____% of Philadelphia’s children quit school by 14 in 1900 ____% of women in work force Wages in 1900 for factory worker Skilled woman: $____ a week Unskilled male: $____ a week

New Freedoms for Women Image of ideal woman at turn of the century: __________________ Several states granted women _______ rights Increases in athletic activity Now organizations and charities 1900: _____% of college grads

Women Continued Job opportunities still usually limited to ______________________________________ Very little chance to change standing without the right to ___________________

NAWSA Formation of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) by ______________________________________ _____________ is only territory to give suffrage (1890) National amendment will not be passed until __________________.