APUSH Period 1 (1491-1607) Key Concept 1.1 – As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Key Concept 1.2 – Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Migration Land bridge connected Eurasia and North America People walked…. became Native Americans After Ice Age they were stranded in North America Migrated further south Incas and Aztecs

Land Bridge

Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and with each other. For example, in the Northwest and in parts of California there was a mix of foraging and hunting. In the Great Basin & Great Plains they were largely mobile. Life on the Atlantic seaboard was mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer which led to permanent villages.

Native Americans Respected the land and nature Three-sister farming- beans grew on trellis of cornstalk and squash covered the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil

Key Concept 1.1 “Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.” A) Impact of maize cultivation: Very popular in the southwest Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande) How did maize transform societies? Less emphasis on hunting and gathering Increase in population Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies Tenochtitlan – 250,000 people, social classes

B) Great Plains and Great Basin Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering Lack of natural resources Large, flat area that was arid (dry) – Basin Grassland- Plains With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered Bison hunting became much easier Natives with horses became stronger militarily Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

C) Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages Iroquois (Present day NY and PA): Adapted to their environment: Burned forests to hunt and grow crops Villages were built around maize Iroquois were a matriarchal society: Power was based on female authority Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted Cahokia Indians – near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200) Built giant mounds Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

D) Northwest And Present-Day California Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging Gather nuts, fish, and hunted Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families Chinooks Advocated warrior traditions Used advanced fighting techniques Lived in longhouses which could house many families

Native Americans: Introduction With the voyages of Christopher Columbus in the late 1400s, Europeans made their first contact with the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci and others would soon determine that they had discovered new continents, calling it a New World.

Native Americans: Introduction It is believed that Columbus thought he was in Asia and called the natives of the Bahamas indios, meaning Indians. The name stuck, and was soon used for all natives of the Americas. Although most descendants prefer to be called native, the inaccurate term Indian has lasted to the present day.

Native Americans: Introduction There are well over 600 known native tribes that lived in North America. If you consider the subgroups of tribes, there are countless thousands of distinct groups. Some names are long, like the Mishikhwutmetunne and others are short, like the Ofo. Some of these tribes have countless descendants today while others are extinct.

Native Americans: Introduction Many of the tribes are widely unfamiliar, and others are famous or even infamous. Several tribes were hostile to Americans and other white settlers and many were peaceful. The following six slides represent a comprehensive (alphabetical) list of the major tribes of North America.

Native Americans: Introduction Holland England  Germany France Italy Spain Portugal Although countless native tribes populated the Americas, England, France and Spain each laid claim to the lands of North America during the Age of Exploration and Age of European Imperialism.

Native Americans: Introduction Map of European & American Exploration in North America Lewis & Clark Expedition (American) 1804 French Explorers 1603 Cabot (English) 1497 Francis Drake (England) 1579 Mayflower Pilgrims (English) 1620 California, Oregon, Mormon Trails (1850s) Colonial Settlement (English) late 1600s French Explorers 1682 Spanish Missionaries 1769 Columbus (Spanish) 1492 Cabrillo (Spanish) 1542 Texas Statehood (American) 1845 Coronado (Spanish) 1540

Mercantilism Mercantilism: An economic system that ties the power of a nation to the total wealth of a nation. Wealth is measured in gold and silver only. The wealth is accumulated by a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports) Exploration and colonization was designed to bring in wealth

Mercantilism Colonies brought in wealth to the mother country by exporting gold and silver to the mother country and/or provide raw materials that could not be found in the mother country. Mother country was not dependant to any other country, would not trade with other countries All manufacturing took place in the mother country The government could pass any regulations or tax to ensure a positive balance of trade.

Europeans Wanted Asian goods (silk, cloth, spices, sugar) Expensive to transport from Asia Wanted a cheap alternative The Portuguese began trading in Africa (gold and slaves) Plantation system began on Atlantic Islands Spain wanted more power

God, Gold & Glory Spread Christianity (be in God’s favor) Make money Gain power & noble or royal titles

Columbian Exchange Europe, Africa and 2 Americas economic system Europe: markets Africa: labor New World: raw materials & crops such as maize Europeans introduced crops, animals (cattle, swine, horses), sugar cane and diseases that killed the Native Americans Syphilis went from the Americas to Europe

Spain Why To get wealth (gold and silver) To get products to sell for gold and silver To spread Catholicism   Who Government officials, soldiers, nobleman, merchants, men looking for adventure (explorers), and missionaries  Where Southern North America, Central America, South America

St. Augustine, Florida Spanish fortress to block the French Oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the U.S.

Characteristics of Spanish America Encomienda system- offered land to Native Americans in exchange for teaching them Christianity Conquistadors (conquerors) intermarried with the Native Americans creating a new race = mestizos The Spanish built towns and got gold from the area. There was no self-government; colonial governors had absolute power. Decline The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English in 1588. Spain’s power slowly declined and by the 1700’s they had lost most of their power in North America

France Why To acquire an empire in the new world To gain goods to sell for wealth…fur To spread Catholicism   Who Merchants, Explorers, Priests

France Where The northern part of North America in what is now Canada (Quebec), around the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi to New Orleans Description Called New France, the French Colonies were small because of a lack of gold, limited immigration, and a lack of an interest in farming and settlement. They just wanted to use the land for wealth. There were few settlements and no self-government.

England Why The People Religious Freedom Escape government tyrannies Social Mobility To escape economic prosecution The Government To gain a colonial empire to become a world power To gain wealth through gold, silver, raw materials, and a market for finished goods  

England Who People looking for a new start and merchants sponsored by the government   Where Between the French in the North and the Spanish in the South Description English colonies were set up by Joint Stock Companies. Charters were granted by the king. Effects: Colonies had a measure of self-government through its charter. This would lead to discontent as they abandoned the policy of salutary neglect in exchange for more direct rule.  

Ticket out the Door What were the political, cultural, and social changes in the Old and New World as a result of the Columbian Exchange? Write in complete sentences. Minimum of 1 paragraph.