Foundations of Exploration Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration Search for wealth Europeans desired expensive luxury goods Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants Charged high prices for these rare goods Drive to Explore Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold Wealth not only goal Some set out to find fame, glory Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names New Routes Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands Another motive—simple curiosity Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples Faith, Curiosity

Advances in Technology Whatever reasons for exploring, Europeans could not have made voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact, especially Chinese, Muslims Navigation Sailors needed precise means to calculate location Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which direction was north at any time Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to horizon

Shipbuilding Improvements Popular for Exploratory Voyages Just as important as advances in navigation were advances in shipbuilding Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves; also had larger cargo holds Popular for Exploratory Voyages Caravel would also be equipped with weapons, including cannons Ships could face off against hostile ships at sea Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring

Explorers from Portugal and Spain As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration. Portugal was first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration Begun largely due to efforts of Prince Henry, son of King John I of Portugal Often called Henry the Navigator, not himself explorer The Portuguese Early 1400s, Henry established court to which he brought sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, others Expeditions sent west to islands in Atlantic, south to explore western coast of Africa Portuguese settled Azores, Madeira Islands, learned more about Africa’s coast Navigation Court

Exploration Attempts Water Route to India da Gama Lucrative Trade Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa da Gama 1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India Lucrative Trade da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation

Columbus’ First Voyage The Spanish Spain also eager to seek out new routes to riches of East 1492, Spanish rulers agreed to pay for voyage by Italian sailor Christopher Columbus Columbus believed he could sail west from Spain, reach China Correct in theory, but figures he presented about earth’s size wrong Also had no idea the Americas lay across Atlantic Italian Sailor Columbus reached island in Caribbean after about two months at sea Thought he had reached Asian islands known as Indies; called people living there Indians 1493, returned to Spain with exotic items, including parrots, jewels, gold, plants unknown in Europe Spanish believed Columbus found new route to Asia, hailed him as hero Columbus’ First Voyage

Columbus—three more voyages to Americas Results of Voyages Columbus—three more voyages to Americas Still believed he had reached Asia Error not realized until about 1502 Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia Mapmakers later named land America in his honor Knowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to explore it 1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of Panama After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first European to see Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan West Around World Perilous Voyage After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross another ocean to reach Asia. What Spanish did not know was how large ocean might be Daring adventurer, Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around world 1519, Magellan set out for Spain with five ships, 250 men West Around World Journey long, difficult; some men mutinied, rebelled Magellan killed in fight with Philippine natives; his men sailed on 1522, 18 survivors of original fleet arrived back in Spain, first to circumnavigate world Perilous Voyage

Explorers from the Rest of Europe Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts. By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas. Dutch later joined in explorations. 1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunk The English English soon realized they had reached an unknown land, not Asia Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America Sir Francis Drake The weather was too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. He became the second man to circumnavigate the globe.

Henry Hudson The French The Dutch England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson 1607, Hudson set out to north Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe Found nothing but ice, returned to England Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch Also wanted to find passage to Asia Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New France, now Canada The French By 1600s Netherlands powerful trading nation, hoped to find new products, trading partners 1609, Henry Hudson set out to find Northwest Passage Did not find passage, but did explore river now named for him The Dutch

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1 Note Taking Transparency 106 4 of 6

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1 Color Transparency 82: European Explorations For Spices, About 1500 5 of 6

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1 Progress Monitoring Transparency 6 of 6

Voyages of Discovery Preview Starting Points Map: European Discovery Main Idea / Reading Focus Foundations of Exploration Explorers from Portugal and Spain Map: Explorers and Their Routes Explorers from the Rest of Europe

European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

Portugal Gains Foothold Looking for a sea route to Asia Began by building forts to collect food, water, and to repair their ships Not colonies yet… From West Africa the Portuguese sailed around the continent Africans in the interior resisted exploration Portuguese did not leave a strong legacy in Africa

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

The African Slave Trade Explodes In the 1500’s & 1600’s Europeans began to view slaves as the most important item of African trade Trade between Europe and Africa soon became focused on slave trade. Africans wanted European goods and all the Europeans wanted were slaves. Most slaves were captured in raids or were prisoners of war. Some were criminals or debtors.

The African Slave Trade Explodes Slaves were captured by Africans and sold by African middlemen to Europeans. During the slave trade, Europeans did not control African territories.

African Trade [15c-17c]

African Leaders Resist Some African leaders tried to stop/slow down the transatlantic slave trade Alfonso I Ruler of Kongo Educated by the Portuguese Wanted to modernize Kongo but in the end the slave trade took over Almany (religious leader) of Futa Toro Forbid the movement of slaves through his land Slave traders eventually found a new route and the slave trade continued

New African States Arise The slave trade had major effects on African states in the 1600’s & 1700’s. --the loss of countless young women & men led to many smaller states disappearing

The European Presence Expands Following the Portuguese by the 1600’s several European powers had established forts along the western coast of Africa Dutch Built Cape Town (1st permanent European settlement) Dutch farmers (Boers) settled around Cape Town Held elitist views & ousted, killed, and enslaved many Africans British Established the African Association, that sponsored exploration Searched for the source of the Nile River French Had forts in present day Senegal Gained

Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships that reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India. In 1502, he forced a treaty of friendship on the ruler of Calicut. As a result, the Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

Portugal Builds and Eastern Empire Rim of Trading Outposts Goa Island off the coast of India By 1510 Portugal make Goa its military and commercial base Malacca Sea port in the East Indies Once controlled by Muslims In 1511 the Portuguese take control of the city and massacre the cities Muslims *The Portuguese had a limited cultural impact in the region

Rise of the Dutch The Dutch were the 1st to challenge Portuguese domination Building a Mighty Sea Power The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination in Asia By 1599 the Dutch had made the Netherlands a leader of European commerce The Dutch set up colonies and trading posts around the world (Cape Town) A Powerful Dutch Company In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company The company had the power of a sovereign nation, and came to dominate the regions

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 3 Color Transparency 86: Jacob Mathieusen and His Wife 5 of 7

Asserting Dutch Dominance Rise of the Dutch Asserting Dutch Dominance 1641: the Dutch capture Malacca from the Portuguese & open trade with China Created a monopoly in the spice trade By the 1700’s the growing power of the French and English contributed to the Decline of the Dutch trading power in the west

Spain Seizes the Phillippines While the Portuguese and Dutch set up bases on the fringes of Asia Spain took over the Philippines. Within about 50 years, Spain had conquered and colonized the islands. The Philippines became a key link in Spain’s overseas trading empire

Mughal India & European Traders A CENTER OF VALUABLE TRADE Besides producing spices, India was the world leader in textile manufacturing. It exported large quantities of silk and cotton cloth. The Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. Several weak rulers held the throne in the early 1700s.

Mughal India & European Traders A GREAT EMPIRE SHATTERS Corruption became widespread, and the central government eventually collapsed. Both the English and French East India Companies made alliances with local officials and independent rajahs. By the mid-1700s, the British and the French had become locked in a bitter struggle for global power. In 1756, war between Britain and France erupted in Europe. The fighting soon spread, involving both nations’ lands in Asia and the Americas.