Chapter 29 APUSH Mrs. Price “The important thing is not to stop questioning.” - Albert Einstein http://yeli.us/Flash/Fire.html

The Marshall Plan To rebuild Europe $12.5 billion in 4 years to 16 countries Produced economic miracle in Europe Reasons: economic interest & to stop communism

Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

International Organizations International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1944 World Bank 1944 United Nations 1945

The Cold War Between the US & the USSR Began in mid 1940s and lasted until 1991 Roots in Wartime Diplomacy

Wartime Diplomacy 1943 Casablanca: no second front 1943 Teheran: dispute over Poland USSR could annex some Polish territory Issue: govt in independent Poland – two govts claimed legitimacy 1945 Yalta: dispute over Germany USSR wants reparations Divide Germany & Berlin into 4 zones Agreed to plan for UN

Communism Spreads in Europe Communist govts in: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania

Soviet position: USSR needed a buffer against invasion Western position: concerned about spread of communism; wanted self-determination & open markets

Conflict over Germany Germany was divided into 4 zones controlled by France, Britain, US, & USSR after war USSR wanted reparations; other Allies refused US wanted to reunite Germany; refused to collect reparations (Potsdam Conference: Truman, Churchill, & Stalin)

Berlin Airlift 1948: Stalin imposed blockade around Western Berlin US-led airlift to aid city lasted over 10 months; Stalin lifts blockade in spring 1949

Division of Germany Oct 1949 Federal Republic (west) Democratic Republic (east)

Containment Doctrine 1947 Creator: George Kennan Asserted USSR was expansionist; US should contain it Impacted US policy throughout Cold War Example: Truman Doctrine

Truman Doctrine 1947 Soviets showed interest in Greece & Turkey US gave $400 million in military & economic aid

Impact of Cold War Creation of new security apparatus in US: National Security Act of 1947 Department of Defense National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency Joint Chiefs of Staff

Created Blocs in Int’l Community NATO (1949): attack on one member by an aggressor would be an attack on all; standing military force in Europe Warsaw Pact (1955): military alliance for the defense of the communist states of Eastern Europe

Led to an Arms Race 1946: Atomic Energy Commission created Sept 1949: Soviets test 1st atomic bomb 1950: Truman approves development of hydrogen bomb; created 1952 NSC-68 (1950): US must stop communist expansion no matter where; called for expansion of US military power

National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

Election of 1948 Divisions in Democratic Party Candidates: Truman wins Truman (D) Dewey (R) Thurmond (Dixiecrat) Wallace (Progressive) Truman wins

Korean War [1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

Korean War Korea was divided in half after WWII (38˚ Parallel); North became communist June 24, 1950: North Korean Army invaded South Korea

June 27: Truman orders troops into Korea commanded by MacArthur (most UN troops made up of US) Congress never declared war – police action

N. Koreans forced back across border; MacArthur pursues Nov 1950: China enters the war – drives UN forces out of N. Korea, move into S. Korea March 1951: UN armies regain most of lost territory = stalemate

The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

MacArthur wants to attack China; is relieved of his command by Truman Peace talks begin July 1951; armistice signed 1953 More than 54,000 US deaths

Second Red Scare Fear of communist subversion House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC): 1947 Investigated if govt had tolerated communist subversion Targeted Hollywood – led to Hollywood Blacklist Committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections

Anti-Communist propaganda during the Red Scare

Alger Hiss Young diplomat Accused of turning state secrets over to USSR Found guilty of perjury

Government Actions Federal Loyalty Program: reviewed loyalty of federal employees McCarran Int’l Security Act (1950): required all communist groups to register with the govt

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Accused of passing secrets of the atomic bomb to USSR Found guilty & executed

Joseph McCarthy Senator Claimed there were 205 Communists in State Dept Ruined careers Brought down when he began to accuse members of US Army

Election of 1952 Dem: Adlai Stevenson Rep: Eisenhower Nixon: Checkers Speech Eisenhower & Republicans won control of Congress