White Grub 60 species Phyllophaga criteria most common Grubs chew on roots 4 - 5 grubs per square foot Takes 3 - 4 weeks for eggs to hatch Egg laying period of 30 days White grubs are the larvae stage of the June bug, masked chafer, or Japanese beetle. Grubs feed on the roots of grasses and other plants.

White Grub (cont.) 3rd instar does most of the damage Overwinters in 3rd instar stage Control aimed at newly hatched grubs Turf damage from grubs usually appears in late summer or fall.

White grubs in bluegrass In most turfgrasses, 4 to 5 grubs per square foot cause extensive damage. Bermudagrass can tolerate 10 to 12 grubs per square foot before damage appears. White grubs in bluegrass

The mature grub is ¾ to 1 inch in length and may be 2 to 4 inches below the soil surface. Grub burrow deeper in cold weather and overwinter 4 to 6 inches deep. Grubs pupate in early spring and emerge as a beetle in late spring.

Insecticides - Contact Grubs are most effectively controlled in mid-summer when they are small, near the soil surface and actively feeding.

Sod webworms in St. Augustine Sod webworm damage appears as moth-eaten turf. The insects feed at night by eating leaf blades and returning to their burrow in the thatch layer before daylight.

Sod webworm tunnels Sod webworms spend the day in their burrow or tunnel in the thatch layer of a turf area.

Sod webworm The mature sod webworm is about 1.5 inches in length and cream colored with dark brown spots.

Sod Webworms Bermudagrass, Zoysiagrass & St. Augustinegrass Sod webworms feed on all turfgrasses. The adult of the webworm is a small moth about 1 inch in length. The sod webworm completes its life cycle in about 21 days.

Helminthosporium Bermudagrass 70 - 80º F Monitors also must recognize common turfgrass diseases and environmental conditions that favor disease development.

Helminthosporium in bermudagrass In bermudagrass turf Helminthosporium leaf spot, brownpatch and dollar spot are potential problems.

Helminthosporium in bermudagrass Disease symptoms must be recognized in their early stages of development to effectively control them before significant damage occurs.

Dollar Spot Bermudagrass 60 - 80º F Wet foliage Dollar spot is a fungal disease that develops when turfgrasses are growing in low nitrogen or in warm and humid environments.

Dollar spot in bermuda Nitrogen fertilization will often allow the turfgrass to recover from dollar spot without the use of a fungicide.

Targeting Applications Targeting pesticide applications to coincide with the most vulnerable stage of the pest, helps reduce pesticide use.

Winter Broadleaf Weeds Summer Broadleaf Weeds Weed Control Programs Weed Population 10 8 6 4 2 Winter Broadleaf Weeds Summer Broadleaf Weeds Crabgrass Lower rates of pesticides including herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides are effective at critical stages of pest development. Poa Annua A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O Months

Biological Controls Biological control including bacteria, fungal organisms and nematodes are available for many turfgrass pests.

Fall army worm BT or Biological Worm Control is a bacteria used to control armyworms, sod webworms, and cutworms in turfgrasses.

Fall Armyworms Favored by cool, wet weather Feed chiefly at night Defoliate plants Early damage, loss of chlorophyll Applications of BT hen armyworms are feeding will stop their feeding and eventually cause the death of the worms.

Resistant Varieties Turfgrasses with resistance to insects or diseases provides another non-chemical control measure for some pests.

Screening St. Augustine for chinch bug resistance Floratam St. Augustinegrass was found to be resistant to chinch bugs; thus, saving homeowners the needs to treat lawns for this damaging insect. Screening St. Augustine for chinch bug resistance

Where IPM programs are used in lawns…….

Golf courses, and …….

Sports fields……

Purpose of IPM Reduce the need for pesticides We can reduce pesticide use by 85% and still maintain fine turfgrass sites.