Laser-IFE Final Optics Mini-Workshop

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Presentation transcript:

Laser-IFE Final Optics Mini-Workshop 1. UCSD program on laser plasma and laser-material interactions 2. Damage-resistant optics research for IFE (including DP work) UC San Diego 8 November 2000

Fusion Activities at UCSD University of California, San Diego Center for Energy Research

Part I. UCSD program on laser plasma and laser-material interactions Contributors: PI’s: M. Tillack, F. Najmabadi staff: M. Zaghloul, T. K. Mau, S. S. and Bindhu Harilal students: D. Blair, M. Cherry

Program elements Damage-resistant optics for IFE Laser damage threshold of grazing-incidence metal mirrors Environmental effects on laser optics Beam propagation and breakdown physics Breakdown physics at low gas pressure Wavefront distortions beyond breakdown Atmospheric effects Damage resistant chamber materials Thermomechanical modeling Experiment planning Z-machine proposal X-ray source studies Chamber physics Modeling

Historical perspective summer 1996: initial contact with LLNL 4/97-4/99: IUT with LLNL to explore IFE simulation experiments 7/99: start of grant with OFES, lab space obtained, optics damage activity initiated 12/99: YAG laser installed summer 2000: staff increased, collaboration with GA started 1/01: DP work planned on optics and chamber physics

Main laser parameters Spectra Physics Quantaray Pro 290 2J, 10 ns @1064 nm 700 mJ @532 nm 500 mJ @355 nm 300 mJ @266 nm Peak power~1014 W/cm2 Nanolase dpssl: 10 mJ, <1 ns, 5 mW, @532 nm

Experiment Layout

Shack-Hartmann Sensor

Ring-Down Reflectometer Jolin, Sanders and Turner, Boulder Damage Conference 1988.

Fabrication and surface analysis is provided by GA Mirror Fabrication: • Diamond turning • Sputter coating Surface Analysis: • WYKO white light interferometer • SEM with energy dispersive x-ray analysis • Auger electron spectroscopy

Part II. Overview of damage-resistant optics research for IFE

Geometry of the final laser optics (SOMBRERO values in red) (30 m) Prometheus-L reactor building layout

Threat Spectra Two main concerns: Final Optic Threat Nominal Goal Damage that increases absorption (<1%) Damage that modifies the wavefront – spot size/position (200mm/20mm) and spatial uniformity (1%) Final Optic Threat Nominal Goal Optical damage by laser >5 J/cm2 threshold (normal to beam) Nonuniform ablation by x-rays Wavefront distortion of <l/3* (~100 nm) Nonuniform sputtering by ions (6x108 pulses in 2 FPY: 2.5x106 pulses/atom layer removed Defects and swelling induced Absorption loss of <1% by g-rays and neutrons Wavefront distortion of < l/3 Contamination from condensable Absorption loss of <1% materials (aerosol and dust) >5 J/cm2 threshold

Mirrors and transmissive wedges are considered Transverse energy 10-20 J/cm2 possible • Al at normal incidence ~0.2 J/cm2 • x10 due to cos q • x10 due to increase in reflectivity For 1.2 MJ driver w/ 60 beams @5 J/cm2, each beam would be 0.4 m2 Grazing incidence metal mirror Fused silica or CaF2 wedges

Mirrors vs. transmissive wedges metal mirror Fused silica wedge Used in Prometheus-L and Sombrero Tighter tolerances on surface finish Low damage threshold larger optics Used in DPSSL power plant study Neutron damage Increased absorption B-integral effects

Operation of the fused silica wedges Orth, Payne & Krupke, Nuclear Fusion 36(1) 1996. Linear array used in DPSSL study, coupled to slab design of gain medium. 5˚ wedge, angled at 56˚ Amplifier slab Key concern is laser absorption -- 8% after 1 hr. irradiation. Operated at 400˚C for continuous annealing of defects 60 times worse at 248 nm vs. 355 nm

Why Aluminum is a Good Choice for the GIMM Lifetime of multi-layer dielectric mirrors is questionable due to rapid degradation by neutrons Al is a commonly used mirror material • usually protected (Si2O3, MgF2, CaF2), but can be used “bare” • easy to machine, easy to deposit Good reflectance into the UV Thin, protective, transparent oxide Normal incidence damage threshold ~0.2 J/cm2 @532 nm, 10 ns

S-polarized waves exhibit high reflectivity at shallow angles of incidence

GIMM development issues* Experimental verification of laser damage thresholds Experiments with irradiated mirrors Protection against debris and x-rays (shutters, gas jets, etc.) In-situ cleaning techniques Large-scale manufacturing Cooling Wavefront issues: beam smoothness, uniformity, shaping, f/number constraints * from Bieri and Guinan, Fusion Tech. 19 (May 1991) 673.

Mirror defects and damage types

Fresnel Modeling of Reflectivity metal substrate Wave propagation in four layers of stratified media is modeled. (Born & Wolf) Each medium is homogeneous and characterized by complex refractive index: n = n ( 1 + i k ) n = ( e/m )1/2; k = attenuation index TE (S) polarization is assumed. n4, k4 coating n3, k3 n2, k2 contaminant n1, k1 q1 Incident medium Refraction : n1 sin q1 = nj sin qj j = 2,3,4 ( Snell’s Law ) Reflection : ri,i+1 = (ni cos qi - ni+1 cos qi+1) / (ni cos qi + ni+1 cos qi+1) ( Fresnel ) Reflectivity is computed by repetitive usage of the 3-layer formula: ri = [ri-1,i + ri+1 exp (i2bi)] / [1 + ri-1,i ri+1 exp (i2bi)] where bi = (2p/lo) di ni cos qi , i = 2,3 and di is the layer thickness.

Auger electron spectroscopy surface analysis

Reflection of s-polarized (TE) waves including thin oxide coating l=532 nm

Effect of surface contaminants Surface contaminants (such as carbon) on mirror protective coatings can substantially alter reflectivity, depending on layer thickness and incident angle. Uniform film thickness is assumed. d2=0 q1 = 80o d2=0 q1 = 0o 80o 60o reflectivity reflectivity d2=2 nm q1 = 80o 40o lo = 532 nm Al2O3 coating (10 nm) Al mirror 20o lo = 532 nm Carbon film Al mirror d2=2 nm q1 = 0o q1 = 0o Carbon film thickness (nm) Al2O3 coating thickness, d3/lo

Surface profile of undamaged Al-1100 mirror

SEM photos of damaged Al 50x 250x 1000x 4000x

Near-term experimental plans Install Shack-Hartmann sensor and ringdown reflectometer Examine source of grazing-incidence profile distortions Test Al-1100 mirrors to damage fluence at 80-85˚ incidence; compare damage threshold and surface morphology with normal incidence exposure Produce and test ultrapure Al and sputter-coated SiC mirrors Perform tests in vacuum (chamber available after Jan. 2001)

Diffraction and Wavefront Distortions Diffraction-limited spot size: do = 4 l f M/pD l = 1/3 mm f = 30 m (distance to lens) do = 200 mm (zoomed) D = 1 m M <16 “There is no standard theoretical approach for combining random wavefront distortions of individual optics” (ref: Orth) Each l/3 of wavefront distortion translates into roughly a doubling of the minimum spot size (ref: Orth)

Neutron and gamma effects Conductivity decrease due to point defects, transmutations, surface roughening Estimated in Prometheus at ~0.5% decrease in reflectivity (ref: private conversation) Differential swelling and creep Swelling values of 0.05-0.1% per dpa in Al (ref. Prometheus) The laser penetration depth is d=l/4pk where k>10, so the required thickness of Al is only ~10 nm. Swelling in Al can be controlled by keeping it thin. The substrate is the real concern. Porous (10-15%) SiC is expected to have very low neutron swelling. Absorption band at 215 nm in fused silica