Industrial Revolution Chapter 22 Sec 1

Origins Agricultural Revolution 1600’s Enclosure Movement Effects: Before 1600’s: 1600’s Enclosure Movement Fenced off plots or holdings combined later with larger, more efficient holdings Effects: Large land owners added to their holdings Small-plot holders become tenant farmers Common lands gone, individuals could do their own land experiments

Jethro Tull – invented seed drill to plant seeds in a straight row without all the waste Crop rotation – Charles Townsend found out if you plant different crops in the fields, the soils could still rebuild its nutrients Iron Plows replaced wooden ones Plows with replaceable blades Farm machines replaced laborers Laborers moved to the cities

Industrial Revolution Rapid industrial development Great Britain had all the factors of production needed LAND – natural resources Coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors LABOR – large population CAPITAL – tools, machinery equipment, inventory, money

Textile Industry Cloth Higher population, higher demand Mechanization – automatic machinery increases production quickly, more effectively Each invention improved upon the previous invention to keep up with supply and demand

Factory system develops Workers put in a certain number of hours per day at a fixed rate Cloth needs cotton Eli Whitney invents cotton gin Takes out seeds from fiber of cotton to produce more Increases slave labor

STEAM More efficient because not all factories would need to be built buy a river Steam more efficient Iron couldn’t hold heat, steel could but making steel is expensive Bessemer Process Cheaper Inject air into molten iron to clean impurities

Other Industrialization Shoes, clothing, ammunition, furniture, printing, paper-making, lumber, food processing Charles Goodyear – Vulcanization, made rubber less sticky

Transportation Communication Stone roadways, canals Robert Fulton – 1st profitable steamboat across Hudson River in New York Travel across Atlantic in 17 days Communication Battery, Alessandro Volta Samuel Morse – telegraph connected country

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Spread of Industry Great Britain – primed and pumped France – WARS Germany – lacked strong central government until around 1870 United States Strong central government Rich natural resources Increasing population/increasing market Transcontinental Railroad

Section 2

Factory System Employers wanted people to do simple tasks didn’t want skilled workers? Women and children work for less pay

Wage System Varied based on supply and demand Factory work The less demand, less pay Factory work Parliament passes laws to protect children By 1915 in United States Middle class emerges Respected Not nobility politics

Women’s roles Come out of the house Women’s “jobs” emerge Secretaries Teachers Switchboard operators Higher education All female colleges

Section 3--Capitalism Capitalism – economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production Commercial capitalism – merchants who bought and sold goods Industrial capitalism – production and manufacturing of goods

Division of Labor Division of Labor – divided manufacturing process into steps Eli Whitney Invented machines that made parts the same Interchangeable parts Assembly Line System of producing large numbers of identical items Different parts made elsewhere then brought together to produce in a plant/factory

Henry Ford – saw great potential in the assembly line Corporations – groups formed by businesses and allowed people to buy stock 1901 – J.P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel Corporation One of the first billion dollar corporations

Monopoly – corporations gained almost complete control of production or sale of a single good or service Cartel – several corporations that combined to control every stage of entire industries Business cycle – pattern of alternating periods of prosperity and decline

Section 4 – Living & Working Conditions Economic Theories Physiocrats believed natural laws should be left to govern economic life Free-Enterprise Economic forces worked automatically and naturally Justified competition unrestricted by laws, regulations, or government controls

Laissez-Faire Buy labor as cheaply as possible Government does not regulate the operations of business: HANDS OFF POLICY French for “let it be” or “leave things alone”

Reformers Humanitarians – people who work to improve the conditions of others Urged reform Utilitarianism – argued laws useful and therefore good Greater happiness for the greatest number of people People should be educated Reform in justice and prison systems

Reform Laws Difficult to enforce Shorter works hours Improved conditions Children Still allowed to work Shortened number of hours Difficult to enforce

Wages? Strikes Unions Collective Bargaining workers stop working List of demands Unions Organized worker associations Collect dues to pay workers when on strike Collective Bargaining Process of negotiation between companies and workers

Section 5: Socialism In Socialism, governments own the means of production and operate for the benefit of all people, rich and poor Laissez-faire/capitalism Some very wealthy Many remained poor Some thought not the best form of government

Karl Marx Believed capitalist system should be destroyed Friedrich Engels and Marx published “The Communist Manifesto” – 1848 Said the working class (Proletariat) would have to seize power by force against capitalists and revolt Communism – complete class-less society Authoritarian Socialism Democratic Socialism – people retain partial control over economic planning through election of government officials