Modernization In Japan

Japan Ends Its Isolation In the 1600s, Japan shut itself off from almost all contact with other nations under the Tokugawa shogunate The shogunate was a feudal system; shogun parceled out land to daimyos or lords, who had his warriors (samurai) fight for him. The peasants worked for and lived under the protection of the daimyos. Japan had almost no contact with the industrialized world except with China and Dutch merchants from Indonesia In the 18th Century, Westerners (including Russians, Americans, British, French, etc) tried to anchor off Japan’s coast and convince the Shogun to let them trade in Japan – Shogun would deny them 1853 – Commodore Perry sailed to Tokyo Bay, Japan with four military vessels Massive black ships powered by steam astonished the Japanese, as did their cannons Tokugawa Shogun realized he had no choice but to receive Perry, who brought a letter from president Millard Filmore Letter politely asked Japan to open its ports – Perry followed up with threat that he would return with a greater fleet in a year to get Japan’s answer Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)—Japan opens two ports to American ships – where they could take on supplies 1860 – Japan allowed other nations to trade at several ports and granted foreigners extraterritorial rights (like with China)

Meiji Reform and Modernization Japanese were angry that the Shogun had given into the foreigners’ demands – forced him to step down They turned to Japan's young emperor, Mutsuhito, to lead – chose the official name Meiji (“Enlightened Rule”) Meiji Era—Time of reform begun by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito Mutsuhito knew the best way to counter Western influence as to modernize Created new constitution based on Germany’s Created a new parliament called the Diet Abolished feudal classes – no more daimyos, samurai, etc. (Emperor/royal family is still around) Created a national army – made military service mandatory via conscription Industrialized by building railroads, telegraph lines, factories, etc.

Emperor Mutsuhito

Japan Attacks China Japan became the strongest military power in Asia – began to feel as if it was similar in scope to the foreign powers In 1894, the Japanese minister succeeds in getting the foreigners to give up their extraterritorial rights – “Japan has a constitution similar to the Europeans” Japan first turned its sights to Korea in its bid for imperialism Forced Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade in 1876 China viewed Korea as an important trading partner; pledged with Japan not to send troops into Korea in 1885 China breaks the pledge when the Koran king asked China for help putting down a rebellion Chinese troops landed in Korea; Japanese sent troops also – Start of Sino Japanese War (1895) lasted only a few months Japan drove Chinese out of Korea (destroyed the Chinese navy); got Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands and gained foothold in Manchuria

Japan Attacks Russia Japan’s victory over China changed the world’s balance of power. With China out of the way, Japan and Russia emerged as major powers – and enemies – in East Asia In 1903 - Japan and Russia struggle over Manchuria (territory in China) Japan offered to recognize Russia’s rights in Manchuria; Russia said no under the basis that Russians wouldn’t have sovereignty in Manchuria (subject to Japanese rules) Japan attacked Russian ships docked off coast of Manchuria - Launched Russo-Japanese War (1904) – Japan won It was a surprise attack , and Resulted in the destruction of Russia’s Baltic fleet Baltic fleet had sailed around Africa to fight against Japan 1905 - Treaty ended war; Japan got captured Manchuria 1905 – Theodore Roosevelt drafted the treaty between Russia and Japan, which they signed on the a ship off Portsmouth, New Hampshire Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) – Japan kept Manchuria, Russia stayed out of Korea

Japanese Occupation of Korea 1905 – Japan sent a group of “advisers” who were supposed to support the Korean government/king In reality, they subverted the king and took more and more power from him and the government Since the king couldn’t get international support for his regime, the king gave up his throne in 1907 The Korean Imperial Army was disbanded two years after the king’s resignation In 1910, Japan annexed Korea completely – brought Korea under its control/jurisdiction. They - Replaced the study of the Korean language with Japanese history/language/culture Took land from Korean farmers and offered it to Japanese settlers Encouraged Japanese businessmen to invest in Korea but forbade Koreans from starting businesses Use violence to enforce Japanese rules/policies Japan’s repressive rule leads to resentment and a strong nationalist undercurrent in the Korean people – can’t act on yet without international support Europe and U.S. largely ignore Japan’s actions – focused on their own aims and Japan “won” its lands (might =right)

Pre-Write (Find 2 More Changes/Continuities) 1. After overcoming persecution within the Roman Empire, Christianity becomes and accepted, and later, the dominant religion in Europe (helped because of missionaries/apostles and the conversion of Constantine in the 300s A.D.) 2. Centralized states provided law and order for the citizens of Europe 3. Trade becomes an important aspect due European society (Roman Empire, later part of the Middle Ages) 1. Christianity is not uniform in Europe – Roman Catholic Church split with the Eastern Orthodox Church during the Great Schism and the Reformation led to breaking between Catholics and Protestants (helped largely by Luther and his 95 Thesis) 2. Major empires like the Roman (nomadic invasions) and Byzantine Empires (Ottoman Empire) give way to smaller centralized states like the Carolingian and Holy Roman Empires – End of classical/overreaching empires 3. With trade comes the onset of diseases like the Black Plague, which altered Europe’s population while also introducing new technologies and goods that weren’t really seen/r

TOPIC CONTINUITY CHANGES CONTEXT Put It Together! – Write Down Example, then use chart to write 3rd Paragraph/Conclusion A phenomenon that occurred in Europe from 100 – 1600 A.D. was the rise of Christianity. Because of the conversion of Emperor Constantine, the Roman Empire legalized Christianity and later adopted it as its main religion. Due to the work of missionaries, the gospel was spread to different parts of Europe. Christianity was not practiced uniformly in Europe. Due to differences in worship, such as using icons and the role of the Pope, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches separated from each other. Christianity was further divided in the 1500s when Martin Luther used his 95 thesis to call for reforms in the Catholic Church. Luther’s actions led to the creation of Protestant groups, who criticized practices in the Church such as the sale of indulgences and simony. During the 600s A.D, Islam was introduced to the Middle East by the prophet Muhammad. Through missionary work and territorial conquest, Muslims spread the message of Allah from Saudi Arabia to Africa and Persia. TOPIC CONTINUITY CHANGES CONTEXT