AP Human Geography Models

Demographic Transition Model Geographer: Warren Thompson Main Ideas: The process of change in a society’s population. Visual: Real Life Example: Denmark is in stage 4 of the DTM

Gravity Model Geographer: Based off of Newton’s Laws Main Ideas: The movement of people, information, and commodities between two places can be predicted Visual: Real Life Example: New York and London have a large “attraction”

Rostow’s Stages of Growth Geographer: W.W. Rostow Main Ideas: As a country develops it moves through a series of stages. Visual: Ex: U.S.= Stage 5

Concentric Zone Model Geographer: E.W. Burgess Main Ideas: A city grows outward in a series of rings Visual: Real Life Example: Chicago

Hoyt Sector Model Geographer: Homer Hoyt Main Ideas: A city develops in a series of sectors Visual: Real Life Example: Charlotte, NC

Multiple Nuclei Model Geographer: Harris &Ullman Main Ideas: A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center or node. Visual: Real Life Example: Los Angeles

Central Place Theory Geographer: Walter Christaller Main Ideas: Services are distributed in a regular pattern around settlements that serve as market centers. Visual: Real Life Example: Chic-fil-A locations around Charlotte

Model of Industrial Location Geographer: Alfred Weber Main Ideas: Predicts where industries will locate based on the least cost to them. Visual: Real Life Example: Soda bottling is near the market to save money on transportation costs.

Agricultural Model Geographer: J.H. Von Thunen Main Ideas: A pattern of 4 rings of agricultural activity would develop around a city. Visual: Real Life Example: Intensive agricultural activities are located closer to the city.

Epidemiological Transition Model Geographer: Abdel Omran (not important) Main Ideas: There is a pattern of the causes of death as your move through the DTM Visual: Real Life Example: Cholera is a big killer is stage 2

World Systems Theory Geographer: Immanuel Wallerstein Main Ideas: Describes the spatial distribution of world development Visual: Real Life Example: Core: MDCs Semi-Periphery: Asian Dragons, India, China Periphery: LDCs

Domino Theory Geographer: Promoted by the U.S. Gov (Eisenhower first to use) Main Ideas: If one country falls to communism, the others around it would too Visual: Real Life Example: U.S. used this idea to help justify involvement in the Vietnam war

Heartland &Rimland Theories Geographer: Mackinder (H) &Spykman (R) Main Ideas: H~ Control over land would be the key to power, specifically E. Europe/ Eurasia. R~ whoever was in control of the periphery of Eurasia would be able to dominate the world Visual: Real Life Example: H~ Communists wanted to dominate E. Europe & the U.S. Wanted to contain them R~ Vietnam & Korean Wars Were fought over control of rimland areas

Malthusian & Neo-Malthusian Geographer: Thomas Malthus Main Ideas: The population would eventually become too big to be sustained by the world’s food supply/ resources Visual: Real Life Example: Neo-Malthusians like Paul Ehrlich are concerned about current carrying capacity.

Bid-Rent Theory Geographer: n/a Main Ideas: As the distance from the CBD increases in the concentric zone model, the price of land decreases. Visual: Real Life Example: A factory would not locate in the CBD

Rank-size Rule Geographer: n/a Main Ideas: Acountry’s x largest settlement is 1/x of the population of the largest settlement. Visual: Real Life Example: U.S.– NYC, LA, Chicago, etc.

Hearths: Agricultural & Religious Main Ideas: Buddhism & Hinduism= S. Asia, Christianity & Islam= SW Asia. Vegetative Planting= SE Asia Seed Agriculture= W. India, N. China, Ethiopia, SW Asia, S. Mexico, N. Peru Visual: Real Life Example: The hearth of wheat and Barley is SW Asia

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Geographer: Ernest Ravenstein Main Ideas: In the 19th century, Ravenstein wrote laws to help geographers study migration based on the reasons why people move, the distance they move, and their characteristics. Visual: Real Life Example: The majority of migrants travel a short distance

Renfrew’s Theory of Language Diffusion Geographer: Colin Renfrew Main Ideas: The diffusion of the Indo-European language family came from Anatolia, which is where modern day Turkey is now located. From there, the language family diffused into Europe and South Asia with the spread of new agricultural technology from the 1st agricultural revolution. Visual: Real Life Example: The Indo-European language has diffused to 48 countries.

Agricultural Revolutions: First Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution - The domestication of plants and animals around 12,000 BC

Second Agricultural Revolution -- improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce stemming from the Industrial Revolution

Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution- international effort that was planned to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance. Development of genetically engineered crops (GE) or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) It began in the 1960s when a combination of technologies was made available to Mexico and countries in Asia in an effort to improve the diets of people in those regions.