Evaluating Data in Research

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Presentation transcript:

Evaluating Data in Research Statistics Evaluating Data in Research AP exam has 3-5 questions This is what makes Psych more scientific – makes things quantifiable.

Percentile Ranks Joey finished at the 74th percentile on his EOC Algebra test. 74th percentile means Above 74% of test takers Actual #75, there is no 100th percentile

Central Tendencies A measure of central tendency is a single score that represents a whole set of scores. Mean – Average Mean most easily skewed by outliers (extreme numbers) Median Middle value (midpoint, or 50th percentile) (Place in sequential order and find middle number) Mode Most frequently occurring score

Measures of variability RANGE: difference between the highest and lowest scores (can be deceptive due to outliers) MEAN 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

measures of variability STANDARD DEVIATION: how much any score differs from the average, or mean score MEAN +1 sd -1 sd 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The more spread out the scores, the larger the STANDARD DEVIATION. MEAN +1 sd -1 sd 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bell Curve A graph of normal distribution 1 SD = 68% of scores 2 SD = 95% of scores 3 SD = 99.7% of scores

Weighing the odds… Which player do you play? 2 High School punters Kicker A: mean distance: 39.8 yds Standard deviation: + 14 yds. Kicker B: mean distance: 34.5 yds. Standard deviation: + 4 yds. Which player do you play? Player B – team will know where to run

Statistical Significance When is a study’s data significant? When there is a significant difference between the results (data) for the control group and experimental group. When the data is reliable (consistent)

Statistical Practice… 1. What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2, 3, 7, 6, 1, 4, 9, 5, 8, 2? A. 5 B. 4 C. 4.7 D. 3.7 E. 6 Answer: c

Statistical Practice… What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 1, 3, 7, 7, 2, 8, 4? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Answer: d

Statistical Practice… What is the mode of the following distribution: 8, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 0, 2? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 7 Answer: b

One for the record… Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings: The mean is equal to the mode and equal to the median The mean is less than the mode and equal to the median The mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median The mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median The mean is less than the mode and less than the median Mean=5, median=6, mode=7 Answer=e

Ethics in Research APA Ethical Guidelines Informed Consent No harm to patients Confidentiality Debriefing

Animal Testing Statistics to consider… 30,000,000 animals used for research each year constitutes 1% of animals killed each year to eat. 200,000 dogs and cats researched annually / animal shelters euthanize 50x that each year Is it morally acceptable to place the well- being of humans above other animals regarding research?