PowerPoint Image Slideshow Psychology Chapter 8 MEMORY PowerPoint Image Slideshow

Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid than real memories?

Wouldn’t repressed or false memories be less vivid? No- research has shown that false memories are often recollected with more clarity and certainty than real memories

Wouldn’t it be different for a traumatic event and be more vivid?

No- research has shown that memories of real traumatic events in childhood fade over time. But, if an event is very traumatic it is more likely to become problematic due to inability to stop thinking about it. People often dwell on a traumatic event, not forget it (PTSD)

Does this mean that repression is all a myth?

Does this mean that repression is all a myth? Not necessarily. The research is not conclusive, but suggests that repressed memories may not be as common as people may believe today (it seems to have gotten very hip today).

Problems with Memory Cont. Can you tell which coin, (a) , (b) , (c) , or (d) is the accurate depiction of a US nickel?

How Memory Functions Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.

How Memory Functions Cont. Automatic processing vs. Effortful processing Semantic vs. Visual vs. Acoustic Encoding

How Memory Functions Cont. Automatic processing vs. Effortful processing Semantic vs. Visual vs. Acoustic Encoding

How Memory Functions Cont. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

How Memory Functions Cont. Sensory Memory: Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage—up to a couple of seconds The Stroop Effect 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

How Memory Functions Cont. The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and the color of the word are different.

How Memory Functions Cont. Short-term memory: Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

How Memory Functions Cont. Long-term memory: Storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time Explicit- are those we consciously try to remember and recall Implicit- are memories that are not part of our consciousness. 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

How Memory Functions Cont. Types of long-term memory: procedural declarative episodic semantic 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

How Memory Functions Cont.

How Memory Functions Cont. Three means of retrieval: recall method recognition model relearning model 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory The Amygdala The Hippocampus The Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex Neurotransmitters

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory Stages of memory and the brain 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory Amnesia: disorders of memory retrograde amnesia: extends back in time for a period of minutes or days anterograde amnesia: inability to store and retrieve new information in LTM hippocampus damage Korsakoff’s syndrome: loss of vitamin thiamine due to alcoholism confabulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23Pum-7-pyM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rp2U4zWIzI 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory

Problems with Memory List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words Read each word and then go to the next slide

which words on list 2 do you remember? Problems with Memory Cont. which words on list 2 do you remember? List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school

Problems with Memory Cont. Did you say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.

Problems with Memory Cont. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information decays.

Problems with Memory Cont. Shacter’s Seven Sings of Memory Transience Absentmindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence

Problems with Memory Cont. Sometimes forgetting is caused by a failure to retrieve information. This can be due to interference, either retroactive or proactive.

Ways to Enhance Memory Elaborative Rehearsal Chunking Mnemonic Devices