America’s History Sixth Edition Henretta • Brody • Dumenil America’s History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 1 Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America 1450–1620 Copyright © 2008 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

Pre-Columbian Native American Societies The First Americans Ice and glaciers caused the sea level to drop (exposing a land bridge, Asian Siberia connects to American Alaska) The Mayas and the Aztecs Early Empires The ‘Indians’ to the North of Meso-America were a diverse group, for example: Southwestern Pueblo were known for environmental transformation practices such as irrigation and water conservation for the production of maize The mobile Great Basin & Western Plains were hunters and gatherers

Pre-Columbian Native American Societies The Northeastern Iroquoian tribes of Pennsylvania, upstate NY, the upland areas of the Carolinas and Georgia built permanent settlements such as longhouses housing five to ten families

Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450–1550 Bring rigid system of Hierarchy and Authority Diseases Especially Smallpox, Spanish transition to African Slaves for labor The Power of Religion The Renaissance Changes Europe West African Society and Slavery 15th Century first dominated by the Portuguese Europeans Explore America The sextant revolutionizes the navigation of the seas American tobacco stimulates trade in Europe, non-American rice also became an important component of trade between the English colonies and Europe

Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450–1550 The Spanish Conquest Created a racially mixed culture known as mestizo Introduced horses, encomienda, and sugar Juan de Onate (1598) puts down a revolt by the Acoma pueblo by killing 800 men, women, & children Brutality offset by Spain’s ‘mission system’ (missionary efforts) (to assimilate / ’civilize’ natives)

The Spanish Conquest (continued) Some call for change and reforms e.g.de Las Casas The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573) put the pacification of the native population into the hands of missionaries Spain’s accumulation of mineral wealth caused a shift towards capitalism. Large capital investment and large groups of laborers needed for mining Huge profits were to be had for some

The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England The Protestant Movement The Dutch and English Very slow to colonize America at first. No significant presence in the ‘New World’ until Jamestown (1607) Challenge Spain’s Christianity Spain’s 15th /16th c. legacy has endured in the America’s Although their number one goal of conquest and exploration as revealed by conquistadores was to acquire wealth The Social Causes of English Colonization

16th – 19th Centuries Native Resistance Strongly against the European idea of individual land ownership They continued to assert their right to lands to which Europeans began to claim Some Caribbean African slaves were able to preserve autonomy and linguistic traditions through the formation of maroon communities Started by self-liberated slaves Sized bands of people to states

Chapter 1 Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America Map 1.1 The Ice Age and the Settling of the Americas (p. 7) Map 1.2 Native American Peoples, 1492 (p. 8) Map 1.3 The Eurasian Trade System and European Maritime Ventures, 1500 (p. 18) Map 1.4 West Africa and the Mediterranean in the Fifteenth Century Map 1.5 The Spanish Conquest of the Great Indian Civilizations (p. 28) Map 1.6 Religious Diversity in Europe, 1600 (p. 30) Figure 1.1 The Rhythm of Rural Life (p. 15) Figure 1.2 Inflation and Living Standards in Europe, 1400-1700 (p. 33 ) Figure 1.3 The Structure of English Society, 1688 (p. 33) Orbis Typus Universalis (p. 4) Tom Lovell, Trade Among Indian Peoples (p. 10) Iroquois Women at Work, 1724 (p. 12) Malinche and Cortés (p. 24)