END OF YEAR EXAM REVISION GRADE 9 BIOLOGY END OF YEAR EXAM REVISION GRADE 9

Study of living things and how they interact with their environment. WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Study of living things and how they interact with their environment.

GROUPING THINGS OF SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS CLASSIFICATION: GROUPING THINGS OF SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Domain King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Rules used to write scientific names Homo sapiens An organism’s genus is always written first; the organism’s species is always written second The genus is Capitalized; the species is written in lower case Scientific names of organisms are always italicized or underlined Homo sapiens if typed Homo sapiens if hand written

Plant cell & animal cell

Plant and animal cells

Movement of mineral ions from soil into root EXAMPLES Movement of gases in and out of the lungs Movement of water from soils into roots Movement of mineral ions from soil into root

photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food - not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet. During this reaction, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The reaction requires light energy, which is absorbed by a green substance called chlorophyll. Photosynthesis takes place in leaf cells. These contain chloroplasts, which are tiny objects containing chlorophyll.

Here is the equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy & chlorophyll )    →    glucose + oxygen 'Light energy' is shown in brackets because it is not a substance. You will also see the equation written like this: Plants absorb water through their roots, carbon dioxide through their leaves. Some glucose is used for respiration, while some is converted into insoluble starch for storage. The stored starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration. Oxygen is released as a by-product of photosynthesis.

Green plants absorb light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. They use it to react carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. The glucose is used in respiration, or converted into starch and stored. Oxygen is produced as a by-product. Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity are factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis. Plants also need mineral ions, including nitrate and magnesium, for healthy growth. They suffer from poor growth in conditions where mineral ions are deficient.

All tilapia fish living together in an aquarium NICHE The position or role of an organism within an ecosystem such as an earthworm burrowing through the soil improving its aeration and drainage ECOSYTEM A lake or a forest POPULATION All tilapia fish living together in an aquarium HABITAT A place where a particular organism lives ENVIRONMENT A combination of biotic and abiotic factors that surrounds and act upon an organism COMMUNITY All the populations of different species living together in a particular habitat

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Which of the following pairs of phrase does NOT distinguish between plant and animals cells? Plants Cells Animals Cells (a) Have chloroplast Do not have chloroplasts (b) Contain large vacuole Have few vacuoles (c) Have no cell membrane Have cell membrane (d) Contain cellulose cell walls Do not have cellulose cell walls Which of the following instruments would you use to look closely at the structures of plant cells? (a) Stethoscope (b) Microscope (c) Telescope (d) Binocular  The part of the cell that is said to be fully permeable is the (a) nucleus (b) cell membrane (c) cell wall (d) cytoplasm

What happen to sugars produced during photosynthesis? They can be a) Changed to starch in the leaf b) Transported in the phloem c) combined with mineral salts to make proteins d) all of the above At night the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in a forest is higher than average. The main reason for this is that: a) plants are unable to absorb CO2 because their stomata are shut b) plants begin to respire in the dark c) there is increased respiration by animals active at night d) photolysis stops so no hydrogen is available to reduce CO2

Which structure is responsible for controlling the substances that enters the cell? (a) cell wall (b) nucleus (c) cell surface membrane (d) vacuole Which of the following best describes the study of Biology? (a) The study of living and non-living things (b) The study of organisms (c) The study of non-living (d) The study of the environment Photosynthesis in plants is an example of (a) breathing (b) secretion (c) locomotion (d) nutrition

Identify the following Herbivores Carnivores Producer Predator Secondary consumer

Identify the following Herbivores Primary consumer Carnivores Secondary consumer Producer Tertiary consumer Predator

(a) Has no backbone, three parts to its body and six jointed legs   (b) Has a backbone, gills, no legs, lay many eggs. (c) Has hair, a constant body temperature, suckles its young. (d) Has no backbone, two parts to its body, eight jointed legs. (e) Has a body made up of only one cell, no nucleus. Identify which group of animal is described above in each line

Explain the process occurring in A & B What change would you observe after one hour in each experiment?

All tilapia fish living together in an aquarium The position or role of an organism within an ecosystem such as an earthworm burrowing through the soil improving its aeration and drainage A lake or a forest All tilapia fish living together in an aquarium A place where a particular organism lives A combination of biotic and abiotic factors that surrounds and act upon an organism All the populations of different species living together in a particular habitat Give the word that best fits each description above