Chapter 6 Lesson 2 Cells Ms. Amanda and Ms. Diana

What are Cells? The basic unit of an organism is the cell. All living things are made up of cells. Cells cannot be seen without a microscope. They come in different sizes and shapes. Example: Female cells: large and round Nerve cells: long and slender (thin)

What are cells made of? Cells are made up of macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. All cells have an outer structure that protects it called the cell membrane. About 70% of the cell contains water. Many substances are dissolved in water so they can move around the cell easily.

Types of Cells There are 2 main types of cells: Prokaryotic Cells – do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Examples: bacteria because they are unicellular. Eukaryotic Cells – have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples: most multicellular organisms

Types of Cells

The Outside of a Cell Cell membrane – surrounds the cell. It’s job is to protect it from harmful substances found outside the cell. It is made up of lipids and proteins. Lipids – help protect the cell from the outside environment. Proteins – transport substances in and out of the cell. Also communicate with other cells and sense changes in the environment.

Cell Wall Cell wall – strong, rigid layer outside the cell membrane. Plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria have cell walls. They provide structure and help protect the cell from the outside environment. They are made from different types of carbohydrates.

The Inside of a Cell The inside of a cell is made mostly of water. Many substances in the cell can dissolve in water and that makes it easier for them to move around the cell. There are organelles (structures) inside the cell that perform specific functions. They control cell activities, provide energy, transport materials, and store materials.

The Inside of a Cell Cytoplasm – the liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane. It contains water, macromolecules, and other substances. DNA – genetic material that stores all the information needed to control a cell’s activities. In Prokaryotes – DNA is found in the cytoplasm. In Eukaryotes – DNA is found in the nucleus.

Energy for the Cell Mitochondria – organelles that break down food and release energy. This energy is stored as ATP Energy. It provides a cell with energy to perform many functions, such as making proteins, storing information and communicating with other cells. Chloroplasts – Organelles in plants that process energy by capturing sunlight and converting it to to chemical energy. (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

Energy in the Cell

Protein Production Ribosomes – organelles that are responsible for making proteins. Ribosomes can be found attached to organelles called the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum are folded membranes that can move proteins inside and outside of the cells.

Cell Storage Golgi Apparatus – organelle that is in charge of packaging proteins into tiny organelles called vesicles. Vesicles – transport proteins around a cell. Vacuole – largest organelle in the plant cell. It stores water for the cell.

Questions