EOC REVIEW DNA- stores code for protein production; “GENETIC BLUEPRINT OF LIFE” Building Blocks- DNA Nucleotides Phosphate group Deoyribose A,G,C,T

DNA Replication Create identical copies of DNA. Occurs during the S phase of INTERPHASE.

RNA RNA- Copies code from DNA and assembles protein at the ribosome Building Blocks- RNA Nucleotides Phosphate group Ribose A,G,C,U Ex: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

Protein Synthesis Step 1: Transcription. DNA code is copied onto m-RNA. Occurs in the nucleus. Ex: DNA segment reads: TACCGCGGGATT AUGGCGCCCUAA RNA reads

Transcription Simulation http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/

Protein Synthesis Step 2: Translation m-RNA is read to form protein. Occurs at a ribosome. - t-RNA carries specific amino acid to ribosome. t-RNA anticodon MUST match m-RNA codon

Practice Questions A portion of an mRNA molecule is shown below. The diagram represents which process? (A)translation (B) transcription (C) replication (D) fragmentation

Which of these will complete the mRNA strand (shown above) matched to DNA? (A) UAC (B) AUG (C) CAG (D) GUC

Genetics Review of Punnet Squares. If A codes for angled leaves and a codes for straight leaves. Determine the phenotypic ratio for the cross below. What Law of Mendel’s is associated with this cross?

Dihybrid Cross What phenotypic ratio would you expect from this cross: RrTt x RrTt

Incomplete Dominance Blending of alleles to create an INTERMEDIATE (Mix of the two).

Co-Dominance Both alleles are equally expressed If R-brown and W-white; RW=ROAN

Human Blood Groups

Sex-linked Allele for trait is carried on the X chromosome. Examples of disorders include- color blindness, hemophilia

Genetics Practice The characteristic for curly hair (C) is dominant to the characteristic for straight hair (c). A cross between two individuals for hair type produces the following: 2CC: 2Cc What must the genotype of the parents be to produce the results shown in the Punnett square? F homozygous dominant  homozygous dominant G homozygous dominant  heterozygous H homozygous recessive  homozygous dominant J heterozygous  heterozygous

Tay-Sachs is a recessive disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The Punnett square below represents a cross of two people who are both carriers of Tay-Sachs. T t T t What is the probability that an offspring from this cross will inherit Tay-Sachs? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 100%

Which mechanism explains how both A and B alleles produce type AB blood? A. complete dominance B. polygenic inheritance C. codominance D. incomplete dominance

The diagram below shows a DNA molecule that contains a mutation after the replication process. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 G A T A C T C G T T G T AFTER G A T A C T C A T T G T BEFORE In which section of the DNA molecule is the mutation located? A Section 1 B Section 2 C Section 3 D Section 4

Transport- moving molecules across the cell membrane Passive No ATP needed Molecules move from a [↑ ] to a [↓] Ex: Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active ATP is used Molecules move from a [↓] to a [↑] Ex: Endocytosis Exocytosis Sodium- Potassium Pump

Passive vs. Active Transport

Osmosis Movement of water in and out of the cell to establish an equilibrium.

Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell

Sodium ions are "pumped" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This process is an example of A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Passive Transport D. Active Transport

In order to make hydrochloric acid, which is required in human digestion, ATP is used to move hydrogen ions from the blood to the stomach lining. This is an example of A active transport B passive transport C osmotic potential D facilitated diffusion

What will most likely occur when a cell is placed into a saline solution? Water molecules will move into the cell. Salt molecules will move out of the cell. (C) Salt molecules will move until the salt concentration is the same inside and outside the cell (D) Water molecules will move until the salt concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.

Cell Reproduction Mitosis 1. Creates diploid body cells Daughter cells have same chromosome # as parent cell 2 daughter cells made PMATC Meiosis 1. Creates haploid gamete cells Daughter cells have half the chromosome # as parent cell 3. 4 daughter cells made PMATC1 PMATC2

Mitosis Meiosis

Crossing Over & Meiosis Tetrad forms first. Crossing over promotes genetic variation

Liver B. Testes C. Skin D. Pancreas

Mendel's discovery that characteristics are inherited due to the transmission of hereditary factors resulted from his careful microscopic examinations of genes and chromosomes . dissections to determine how fertilization occurs in pea plants breeding experiments with many generations of fruit flies analysis of the offspring produced from many pea plant crosses

Which process is illustrated by the diagram below?

Variations within a species are most likely the result of mutations and sexual reproduction synapsis and disjunction mitosis and asexual reproduction overpopulation and recombination

Most cell membranes are composed principally of DNA and ATP Lipids and Proteins Chitin and Starch Nucleic acids and Amino acids

Cell Energy

Cell Energy Photosynthesis Light Reactions - thylakoids -Water is split and oxygen is released 2. Calvin Cycle -stroma -Glucose is made

Cell Energy Anaerobic Respiration No OXYGEN used Occurs in cytoplasm Glycolysis: 2 ATPs Fermentation- ) ATPs Lactic acid or Alcoholic Aerobic Respiration Uses OXYGEN Occurs in cytoplasm and mitchondria Glycolysis: 2 ATPs Krebs cycle: 2 ATPs ETC: 32 ATPS; Oxygen is used in final step

Review sites http://regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/topics.cfm?Course=BIOL http://www.iq.poquoson.org/2006vasol/eocbio/eocbio06.htm