The study of populations and their characteristics Demography The study of populations and their characteristics Characteristics include; size age Factors most directly affecting the size of the population are Births Deaths Emigration immigration

Birth rate Births Total fertility rate Effects of changes Smaller families = women go out to work =dual earner, symmetrical families Reduces burden of dependency =the number of live births per 1000 of the population Birth rate fallen from 28.7 in 1900 to 10.7 in 2007 Effects of changes Public services and policies Birth rate e.g. equality laws, contraception etc. mean there are other options Quantity to quality But...3 baby booms Measured by the.... Child centeredness Changes in the position of women Births After WW1 and after WW2 1960s Reasons for decline in BR =the average no. of children women will have during their fertile years It affects the birth rate Decline in IMR Children an economic liability Total fertility rate =Infant mortality rate Laws banned children from working, social norms about what children have a right to materially Improved sanitation, housing medicine, nutrition, knowledge But...at first, smaller families not in areas where IMR declined Risen since 2001 but lower than in the past Women remaining childless Having children later...less fertile

reasons effects Death rate Deaths Ageing Population One-person households 1900 DR =19, 2007 = 10 Public services Dependency ratio...BUT... = no. of deaths per year per 1000 of the population Ageing Population Its declining effects Policy e.g. pensions Death rate Increased life expectancy; increased by two years per decade but still gender, class and regional differences Rose 1930-1945 due to war Measured by the.... Rose 1918 due to flu epidemic Deaths Other social changes decline in dangerous jobs e.g. mining Better wages = healthy lifestyle Better knowledge = better prevention less infectious diseases; Tranter: ¾ of the decline until 1970 due to e.g. smallpox....most significant amongst young Public health and environmental improvements Gov. passed laws to improve better housing, Clean Air act reduced pollution, pasteurization of milk, purer drinking water reasons Improved nutrition; McKeowen Led to increased resistance to infection. But women have less food but live longer and death from measles rose Medical Improvements; After 1950s – antibiotics, immunisation, NHS, operations

Recently...pull factors to South Most migrants of working age so should reduce DR Indust.Rev...shift from South to North Recently...pull factors to South =the movement of people from place to place Internal Dependency ratio Immigration = ‘into’ What? But...immigrant women have higher fertility rates...more children...increases DR Emigration = ‘out’ Net Migration = diff. between no’s immigrating and emigrating Migration Both immigrants and emigrants generally young...study/work From 1900-WW2, largest immigrant group were Irish and Jewish 2004 – net migration of 223,000....EU expanded 1950s – black and Asian, producing ethnically diverse society...2001 7.9% ethnic minority patterns Commonwealth countries offered assisted passage schemes Push factors – reasons for moving away (e.g. recession) Pull factors – moving to gain something (e.g. higher wages elsewhere) More emigrated from UK then immigrated into it....most UK emigrants to USA, Australia, Canada