Chapter 13, 14, 15, and 16 Ecology All information for this powerpoint was retrieved from McDougall Littell Biology book by Stephen Nowicki copyright 2008 by McDougall Littell a Houghton Mifflin Company Some of the notes slides were retrieved from the power presentation slides from the Pwer presentation CD ROM from McDougall Littell.

Warm Up (4-27-15) What do you think the word ecology means?

Outline Objectives Population Dynamics Lab Set Up Ecology Notes

Objectives Students will be able to explain the principles of ecology Students will identify the levels of organization within ecosystems

Population Dynamics Lab Set Up

Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology Ecologists study relationships Ecology: study of relationships among organisms and their environment Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization Organism Population Community Ecosystem biome

http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/images/Levels-of-Organization-in-an-Ecosystem.jpg

Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling Observation: carefully watching something over time Direct Surveys – species that are easy to follow Indirect Surveys – species that are difficult to track Experimentation: perform experiments in the lab or in the field Lab experiments conducted in a controlled, indoor environment Field experiment is performed where the organisms live Modeling: computer and mathematical models to describe and model nature

Ch. 13.1 Principles of Ecology Quadrats and Population size Demonstrate quadrat use and creation Quadrats are used to sample populations T = NA T = total population estimate N = #of individuals counted / # of quadrats A = total area / area of quadrats

Warm Up (4-28-15) What are the different levels of organization for environments that ecologists study?

Outline Objectives Population Dynamics Lab Ch. 13.1 Read / Notes Ecology Video???

Objectives Students will be able to explain the principles of ecology Students will identify the levels of organization within ecosystems

Gather Data – Population Dynamics Lab

Warm Up (4-29-15) Explain what producers and consumers are in terms of ecosystems. Try to give some examples of each in your answer.

Outline Objectives Population Dynamics Lab – Data Collection 13.2 Read / Notes Plant Radish Seeds – Abiotic Factors and Plant Growth

Objectives Students will identify the difference between abiotic and biotic factors Students will develop an experiment to test the affects of abiotic factors on plant growth

Abiotic Factors and Plant Growth Problem: How do abiotic factors affect plant growth? Procedure: Choose an abiotic factor to test on the growth of radish seedlings. Possible factors include amount of sunlight, amount of water, soil type, light color available to plants, or amount of fertilizer Determine a way to vary the factor you have chosen. Be sure to include at least three different settings of your variable and to keep all other factors constant. Write out a procedure for your investigation. Obtain 4 plants. Label one “control” and the remaining, A, B, and C Measure the height of your control and variable plants over a period of seven days. Use the same method to repeat measurements each day. Be sure to keep plants watered. Record all data you generate in a well-organized data table.

Warm Up (4-30-15) Explain what you think an autotroph is. What do you think the word heterotroph means? **Try to break the words apart to understand their meaning.

Outline Objectives Population dynamics lab – data collection 13.3 / 13.4 Reading and Notes

Objectives Students will explain how energy cycles in an ecosystem Students will be able to identify the differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give examples of each. Students will collect data from their population dynamics lab

13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors Biotic: living things (plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria) Abiotic: nonliving things (moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil) Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors Biodiversity: assortment or variety of living things in an ecosystem.

13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Keystone species: species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem Look at the figure on page 404 – creation of ecosystem by one species.

13.3 Energy In Ecosystems Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem Producers: get energy from nonliving resources (make their own food) Autotrophs Consumers: get their energy from eating other living or once-living resources heterotrophs

13.3 Energy In Ecosystems Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis – organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals as an energy source

http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/irrigation-photosynthesis.gif

http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/di-8960-enz.jpg

http://www. pmel. noaa. gov/eoi/nemo/education/images/chemosynthesis http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/nemo/education/images/chemosynthesis.jpg

13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships Food chain – sequence that links species by their feeding relationships Types of consumers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores decomposers

13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs Types of consumers Specialists – consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feeds on a very small number of organisms Generalists – consumers that have a varying diet Trophic Levels Levels of nourishment in a food chain Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships Food web – model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem Look at the figure on page 410

Food Webs and Food Chains Arrows follow the flow of energy Shows the feeding relationships between organisms Let’s Practice!

Warm Up (5-1-15) Explain the difference between food webs and food chains.

Outline Objectives Food Web and Food Chain Creation

Objectives Students will use background information and knowledge of food webs and food chains to create their own food webs and food chains based on the organisms they observe in various areas around the school.

Food Web and Food Chain Creation For this activity, you need to prove that you are a master of food web and food chain creation. We will be going outside to observe different locations. You will need to make a list of organisms at each of these locations When we come back inside we will be creating food webs and food chains These will need to be colored and have drawings of each of the organisms. I am not grading artistic ability but I do expect valiant effort on the drawings

Warm Up (5-4-15) Explain what would happen if one organism was removed from a food web. Describe the impact.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth 13.5 and 13.6 Reading / Notes

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

13.5 Cycling of Matter Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem Water cycles through the environment Hydrologic cycle – the water cycle https://eo.ucar.edu/basics/images/usgs_water_cycle.jpg

13.5 Cycling of Matter Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems Biogeochemical cycle – movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological (living and nonliving) parts of an ecosystem Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle

Carbon Cycle http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/outreach/carbon_toolkit/images/carbon_cycle.jpg

Nitrogen cycle http://www.vtaide.com/png/images/nitrogenCycle.jpg

Phosphorus Cycle http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_vizkeszletgazdalkodas_es_vizminoseg/images/86.jpg

13.6 Pyramid Models Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels Biomass – measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. Energy pyramid – energy is lost at each stage of a food chain. Diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels

Energy Pyramid http://glacierbay1nationalpark.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/7/6/15762408/1014699.jpg?380

http://media.showme.com/files/419187/pictures/thumbs/807494/last_thumb1363978247.jpg

Biomass Pyramid http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/316-2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Pyramid_of_numbers.png

13.6 Pyramid Models Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms

Warm Up (5-5-15) Explain what a biomass pyramid is, and how the information arranged in this pyramid would be helpful to scientists.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-6-15) Choose one of the other abiotic factors that we have discussed and write a hypothesis of how that factor will affect plant growth.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-7-15) PLEASE TURN IN YOUR FINAL ESSAY!! IT IS DUE TODAY!! What are some results that you predict will happen from our abiotic factors affecting plant growth experiment?

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth FINAL PAPER ESSAY DUE!!!!!!!!!

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-8-15) Identify the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Explain how biotic factors can influence organisms within an ecosystem.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-11-15) What are some questions you still have about the information we have covered about evolution and ecology?

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth Review Evolution and Ecology

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-12-15) Write down everything you can remember about evolution and ecology units. (Think about the origin of life, the evolution of humans, the relationships between organisms, food webs, food chains)

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-13-15) What are some general science questions that you have and would like to be answered?

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-14-15) Write down one thing that you thought you did really well during this semester that helped you take responsibility for your own grade.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.

Warm Up (5-15-15) Write down one thing that was difficult about the past semester but that still helped you learn.

Outline Objectives Abiotic Factors Affect Plant Growth

Objectives Students will set up a lab to determine how abiotic factors affect plant growth Students will choose which abiotic factors to test their affects on plant growth.