Chapter 1 Notes

Scientific Inquiry & Earth Science Basics 1.5

Scientific Inquiry

Observation vs Inference What you can tell with your senses (sight, hearing, touch, etc) Just the facts Inference a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning What you interpret The difference between Observation and Inference. Be careful! Your mind might trick you

What do you Observe?

What can you Infer?

Where in the world?

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

DC/Rome/Paris/Venice/Las Vegas/Cairo

Hypothesis vs Theory Theory Hypothesis Book Version- A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it Theory Book Version- A theory is a well-established highly reliable explanation of a natural or physical phenomenon

Hypothesis vs Theory How do we make this simpler? Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it An idea someone wants to test

Hypothesis vs Theory How do we make this simpler? Theory - A theory is a well- established highly reliable explanation of a natural or physical phenomenon An explanation that is supported by evidence and widely accepted

Hypothesis vs Theory How can they be the same? Both can be tested and proven wrong based on the tests How does an idea (hypothesis) become accepted as a theory? By testing and analysis

Hypothesis vs Theory Example of a hypothesis? Remember it is not a question, but an idea Can people come up with many hypothesis to explain the same thing? Absolutely! What is one that has been found false historically? Earth is the center of the universe The earth is flat

Hypothesis vs Theory Example of a theory? Tested and accepted as being true based on evidence Plate tectonics Evolution

Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test Collect scientific facts through observation and measurement Hypothesis Develop one or more hypotheses to explain the observed facts or measurements Test Test the hypothesis using observations or experiments that change variables

Variables

Scientific Method After all the testing and data Analyze Interpret Decide if the Hypothesis should be accepted, altered, or rejected

Does everyone use the scientific method as described?

1.1 What is Earth Science? Earth Science is a collection of all sciences that try to understand our Earth and Earth’s neighbors in space

Overview Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tvWDPBNiD4

Major Sciences in Earth Science There are 4 major groups Geology The study of the Earth (Rocks, Minerals, Formations, etc) Meteorology The study of the atmosphere and the processes that cause weather Oceanography The study of the oceans Astronomy The study of the universe

Astrology?

Formation of Earth Nebular Hypothesis The nebula was composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. About 5 billion years ago, the nebula began to contract. It assumed a flat, disk shape with the protosun (pre- Sun) at the center.

Solar System Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps. Larger outer planets began forming from fragments with a high percentage of ices. Density

A C D E B

Formation of The Earth Layers Form on Earth As Earth formed, the decay of radioactive elements and heat from high-velocity impacts caused the temperature to increase. Lighter rocky components floated outward, toward the surface. Gaseous material escaped from Earth’s interior to produce the primitive atmosphere.

1.2 A view of the Earth Section off the Earth by designating spheres Geosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Yes they can overlap

Earth’s Spheres Hydrosphere Ocean is the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere. Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface Holds about 97% of Earth's water Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground

Earth’s Spheres Atmosphere Biosphere Thin, tenuous blanket of air One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles) Biosphere Includes all life Concentrated near the surface in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward for several kilometers into the atmosphere

Earth’s Spheres Geosphere Based on compositional differences, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core. Crust—the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth. Mantle—the 2890-kilometer-thick layer of Earth located below the crust. Core—the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.

How deep have we gone? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz6v6OfoQvs

Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics is the theory that proposes that Earth’s outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and Earth’s crust itself.

Any Size group of Interacting parts that form a complex whole What is a system? Any Size group of Interacting parts that form a complex whole Can you make that simpler to remember?

Examples

Examples

Types of Systems Open Closed

Types of Systems Closed Self Contained, everything moves freely inside, but nothing adds or takes away from it Car’s cooling system Video game system Apple Products

Types of Systems Open Energy and matter move freely in and out of the system Most natural systems River systems Respiratory system Reddit

How to remember?

How to remember?

Earth as a system Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres.

Where does it come from? What is making these systems work? Energy Sources Where does it come from? What is making these systems work?

Energy Sources Drives external processes in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Earth’s Surface Ex-Hurricanes, Heat transfer, Snow melting

Energy Sources Earth’s interior powers internal processes with heat and pressure Ex Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountains

Earth Systems Systems can be linked and have subsystems Example- Human body is a systems, then respiratory, circulatory, muscular, etc Humans are a part of these systems and can have a great effect on them

People and the Environment Environmental Science- Study of how the natural world works how people affect the environment how the environment affects people

Earth’s Resources Renewable Nonrenewable

Renewable Resources

Nonrenewable Resources

Environmental Resources Population has increased from 1 billion to nearly 7 billion in only 200 years How does that effect our natural resources?

Environmental Threats Can be local, Regional, or global

Environmental Threats Pollution Acid Rain Ozone depletion CLIMATE CHANGE LOSS OF FERTILE SOIL EARTHQUAKES

Earth Systems Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnpF0ndXk-8